Lecture 8 Flashcards
Zajonc
affective and cognitive processes are coordinated by separate systems and can operate independently
- Le Doux’ low road (affective blindsight, presented in affective pictures)
- Mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to an object leads to increased positive affecrive reactions –> no need for cognition
Zajonc’s mere exposure effect (experiment with faces)
numer of times ech face was seen varied, the more often a face was prexented, the better they liked it
Mere exposure effect (study with familiar nonsense words )
nonsense words got presented, and other non sensewords got presented with the nonsense words that were familair. Familair nonsense words were liked more than unfamilair words
Lazarus explained the mere exposure effect
an emotion cannot be produced withut a cognitive appraisal
- mere exposure effect can be explained as a form of appraisal of valence, good or bad (which is cognitive)
- preference is not the same as affective reaction
Lazarus an Alfter circumcision study (soundtrack and no soundtrack)
the way the video was appraised determined the emotional response. higher skin conductance in participants who saw the video without the soundtrack
appraisal conclusion about lazarus & Zajonc
both lazarus & Zajonc are probably righ: early appraisal is not cognitive but an implicit gut feeling (preference)
- late/slow appraisal is cognitive, rational thinking that sometimes can be quickened by arousal
Arnold: appraisal
- not a conscious, intellectual judgment
- rather fast, rough evaluation, a relational judgment, (good for me, bad for me)
- resulting emotion = felt tendency toward positively appraised events, or away from negatively appraised events
- emotion is accompanied by drive-inducing physiological changes
zebrafish responding to a tank
in 7 days eventually habitated, acquired familiarity (form of appraisal)
3 conclusions about appraisal
- Arnold: unconscious feeling of which emotional response is appropiate
- early appraisal is probably not cognitive but an implicit gut feeling (preference, experience, novelty)
- key mechanism for behavioral flexibility, allowing the adjustment of the organism to complex and changing environments (evolutionary adaptive)
same stimulus, different perception, 3 verklaringen?
- dominane of right versus left hemisphere, individual differences
- dominance of one picture category over another
- also emotion influences our perception
when do you see house stimuli earlier than a face stimulus in binocular rivalry?
when the face has a fearful or happy condition, you see the face first. This has to with emotional processing
feelings and consciousness, seeing a house or a face, explain differences in arousal, valence and congruency.
seeing face –> arousal
People look longer at a face when it’s a negative emotion
ligt er ook aan in wat voor stemming ze zijn. Mensen in een positieve stemming kijken meer naar positieve emoties en mensen die in een negatieve stemming zijn kijken meer naar negatieve emoties
what can we conclude from a study with socially anxious and fixation on faces and hands\/
Socially anxious people look less at faces, more at hands
drawback of eyetracking
one can gaze at something but attend to look at something else
Emotion –> attention –> action
Emotional dot probe task
The Emotional Dot Probe Task (also known as the Dot-Probe Task) is a psychological research tool used to investigate attentional biases towards emotional information. The task involves presenting participants with pairs of stimuli (usually pictures or words), one of which is emotionally charged and the other neutral. After a brief exposure time, a dot appears in the location of one of the stimuli and participants are instructed to respond as quickly as possible, indicating the location of the dot.
The idea behind the task is that participants will respond more quickly when the dot appears in the location of the emotionally charged stimulus, indicating an attentional bias towards that stimulus. Researchers can use this task to investigate attentional biases towards different types of emotional stimuli, such as positive or negative emotions, and to explore how attentional biases may be related to psychological disorders or other individual differences. The Emotional Dot Probe Task has been widely used in cognitive psychology and neuropsychology research.
