Lecture 9

Question 1

T/F: extinction is the fate of all species

Answer 1

true

Question 2

alterative to extirpation (total extermination)

Answer 2

transformation

Question 3

mass extinctions are those that stand out above the –

Answer 3

background

Question 4

Leonardo refuted the – hypothesis using Lombardy fossils

Answer 4

Biblical Delude (Noah’s ark)

Question 5

mass extinctions occur as maximum – when sea levels drain off continents

Answer 5

regression

Question 6

Supercontinent assembly causes mass extinction through – (this is an extinction of the area-diversity relationship seen in island biogeography)

Answer 6

competition

Question 7

Max regression: Low mid ocean ridge (slow spreading), no epicontinental sea; as biodiversity becomes proportional to area –> mass extinction

Answer 7

Permian-Triassic and K-T

Question 8

mass extinctions are caused by – associated with the formation of polar ice caps

Answer 8

cooling

Question 9

lower or higher than normal (35%) ocean – causes mass extinction

Answer 9

salinity

Question 10

T/F: possible explanation of mass extinction is chance or coincidence of unrelated events

Answer 10

true

Question 11

Aboute 10% of present ocean salt was – in Permian salt deposits

Answer 11

locked up

Question 12

At the end of Paleozoic(Permian) stratified ocean with brackish top, normal middle, and –

Answer 12

cold dense brines

Question 13

Stevens’ model predicts greater extinction among – than Euryhaline (wide salty)

Answer 13

Stenohaline (narrow salty)

corals, ammonoids, brachiopods

Question 14

T/F: Conodont is Euryhaline but became extinct after Permian

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Paradigm shift (June 1980)

Answer 15

Extraterrestrial cause for K-T extinction

Question 16

Alvarez et al hypothesis – anomaly at K-T boundary caused by impact of about 10km diameter extraterrestrial body with Earth

Answer 16

iridium

Question 17

T/F: Ir anomaly is very small

Answer 17

true

Question 18

– coincided with Ir anomaly in non-marine beds

Answer 18

fern spike

Question 19

Ir anomaly

Answer 19

Italy, Denmark/ New Zealand, Deep Pacific, New Mexico coal basin

Question 20

high temp – were found at K-T Spain boundary

Answer 20

melt droplets

Question 21

– were found at K-T boundary at Montana

Answer 21

shocked quartz

Question 22

expected – isotope ratios were found in K-T boundary layers in Denmark, Colorado, New Zealand

Answer 22

osmium

Question 23

shocked quartz (parallel lines running in different directions crossing each other) indicate

Answer 23

high velocity and force

Question 24

Stronium isotope peak at K-T boundary may be due to –

Answer 24

acid rain

Question 25

K-T foraminifera become –

Answer 25

very small

Question 26

coarse grain sediments at Chicxulub Crater produced by –

Answer 26

tsunami

Question 27

during asteroid there were significant – at the other side of the Earth (India) –> CO2 release

Answer 27

volcanic eruptions

Question 28

GPC-3

Answer 28

Giant piston core

Question 29

tracking GPC-3 –>

Answer 29

ruled out periodic death star hypothesis

Question 30

K-T boundary dated to –

Answer 30

66 Ma

Question 31

– anomaly at K-T boundary in France

Answer 31

mercury (volcano)