lecture 9: electrocardiography 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in lecture 9: electrocardiography 2 Deck (17)
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1
Q

what are the three types of arrhythmias?

A
  • supraventrivcular arrhythmias eg. atrial fibrillation atrial flutter atri ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia - junctional arrhythmias - ventricular arrhythmias eg. ventricular tachycardia - ventricular fibrillation
2
Q

what abnormalities can the ECG pick up on?

A
  • conduction abnormalities - structural abnormalities - perfusion abnormalities
3
Q

what is the way to approach an ECG?

A
  • check if it is the correct recording (name + DOB) - review the signal quality and the leads - verify the voltage and the paper speed - review the patients background - look at the rate and the rhythm of the ECG - look at the p wave and the PR interval - look at the QRS axis - look at the QRS axis - look at the ST segment 9is it high low or isoelectric) - look at QT interval - look at the T wave
4
Q

* what is normal sinus rhythm of a PQRS wave?

A
  • each P is followed by QRS - the rate regular - unremarkable insert pic (normal)
5
Q

* what is a sinus bradycardia

A
  • each P wave is still followed by QRS - the rate is regular but SLOW - it can be healthy
6
Q

* what is a sinus tachycardia

A
  • each P wave is still followed by QRS - rate is regular but fast - normally a physiological response
7
Q

* what is a sinus arrhythmia?

A
  • each P wave is still followed by QRS - the rate is irregular - the RR interval varies with the breathing cycle
8
Q

* whats atrial fibrillation?

A
  • oscillating baseline - when the atria are contracting asynchronously - the rhythm might be irregular and the rate is slow - there is turbulent flow which increases the clot risk - the atria are not essential for the cardiac cycle
9
Q

* what is atrial flutter?

A
  • regular saw tooth pattern is baseline (specific to the atrial flutter) - atrial to ventricular beats at 2:1 ratio - the saw tooth was not always visible in all leads
10
Q

* what is first degree heart block?

A
  • regular 1:1 (P:QRS ) - there is a prolonged ST segment caused by slower atrioventricular conduction - most benign heart block - it happens with progressive ageing
11
Q

* what is second degree heart block? (mobitz i)

A
  • gradual prolongation of PR interval until the beat is skipped - most P waves are followed by QRS (not always though) - regularly irregular - called Wenckebach
12
Q

* what is second degree heart block? (mobitz ii)

A
  • P waves are regular but only some are followed by QRS - there is no P- R prolongation - regularly irregular - can rapidly change into third degree heart block
13
Q

* what is third degree heart block?

A
  • the P waves are regular - the QRS waves are regular but there is no relationship - P waves might be hidden - completely non sinus rhythm
14
Q

* what is ventricular tachycardia ?

A
  • P waves are hidden - the rate is regular and fast - high risk of deteriorating into fibrillation - shockable rhythm
15
Q

* what is ventricular fibrillation?

A
  • heart rate is irregular and 250 bpm and above - heart cannot generate an output - cardiac arrest - shockable rhythm
16
Q

* what is ST elevation?

A

P waves are visible and always followed by QRS - the rhythm is regular - ST segment is elevated - caused by infarction

17
Q

*what is ST depression?

A
  • P waves always visible - rhythm is regular and rate is normal - ST segment is depressed - caused by myocardial ischaemia