lecture 9: Pentose phosphate pathway, purines, pyrimidines and fatty acids Flashcards by Emily Pereira

what is simular between NADPH and NAD

They both are reduced which involves transfer of two electrons and 1 H to the nicotinamine

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what is different between NADPH and NADH

NADPH (product of PPP) is a reductant in ANABOLIC/SYNTHESIS REACTIONS and are found in the cytosol

NADH is an electron acceptor in CATABOLIC reactions and is found in the mitochndira

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true or false: the PPP is a branch of glycolsis

treue

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what is H2O2

hydrogen peroxide: highly corrosive that can do significatn damage to the lipid bilayers
ex: destroy the proteins that make up complexes and atp synthase

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what anti oxidant fights off h2o2

glutothione

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what is an important function pf PPP in terms of free radicals

PPP helps activate glutothione needed to fight off free radicals

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explain importance of NADPH to gluthione

NADPH is a reductant
It is going to transfer its electrons and hydrgeons to gluttothiones which will them neutralite of all the oxidates in tthe cell

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can NADPH only donatte its electrtions and hydrogreons to glutothione

no , can also donate it to precursors that will form synthesis (fatty acid synthesis, chrolesterol synthesis)

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is ribose 5 phosphate part of the oxidative or non oxidative portion of the PPP

non oxidative (no nadph)

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what are 3 types of free radicals

super oxidide (missing an electron)
hydrogen peroxide
hydroxyl radical

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where are most free radicals made

mitochondria

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what is the worst free radical

oh radical

hydroxyl radical

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what is the problem with hydroxyl radical

destroys the membranes

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what fights against the free radicals

anti oxidants

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explain how glutothione eliminates free radicals

2 glutothiones in the reduced states (got the hydrogens form the NADPH) and combines with h2o2
the enzyme glutehione peroxidaze
forms water and an oxidixed version of glutothione

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what is necrosis

breaking down the dna in the cell

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what is cell apoptis

aging of the cell

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what are the purines

adenine and guanine

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what are the pyrimidines

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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where can you find adenine

in NAD, FAD, DNA and RNA in ATP

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the 5 ribose in the PPP serves as a precursor to make what

purines and pyrimidines

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where can you find guanine

GTP is found in the kreb cycle (also in dna and rna)

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what are the nucleotides

purines (ATP and GTP)

pyrimidints (TTP, UTP, CTP)

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where can you find UTP

in glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis)

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what is needed to get cholestol biosynthesis started

acetyl coa (from pyruvate to acertyl coa)

true of false: cholesterol biosynthesis does not need PPP

false, it utilizes the NADPH produced from the PPP

how many places does NADPH get oxidized in the chrolesterol biosynthesis

3 palces

what is absolutely necessary to buiild cholestr=erol (2 things)

1) acetyl coa to get started | 2) NADPH (from PPP) to give its elections for anabolic reactions

what are the 3 routes for the chrolesterol formed

bile acids/salts steroid hormones vit d

true or false: the fatty acid synthesis does not involve the pentose phsophate pathway

false

what is the original precursor of fatty acid synthesis

acetyl coa

what is the primer of fatty acid synthesis

acetyle coa

why is acetyl coa so important intermediate

important for glycolysis important for chrolestrol suynthesis important for fatty acid synthessi

how many NADPH do we need to build 1 two carbon fatty

2 ( from the PPP)

where do the NADPH from fatty acid synthesis come from

Phosphate pentose pathway

true or false: acetyl can only be used for catabolic purposed

false, for catabolic and anabolic

is fatty acid synthesis an anabolic or catabolic process

anabolic

what is palmitic acid

length carbon chain with a lot of hydrogens that eventual;ly will be useful for the use of ATP

what are the 4 components of the lipid family

fatty acids triglycerides phopsholipids cholestrol

what are fatty acids and try glycerides

high density energy sotre

is chorolestol a lipid

no really a lipid BUT it is lipid soluble and lipid derives

what is a major component of membranes

phospholipids

fatty acids are long ...

LONG CHAIN CARBONS with a carboxyl group

what are tje 3 types of bonds of fatty acids

saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated

what do all fatty acids have in common

they call ahve a carboxyl group

what makes the :acid" part of a fatty acid

carboxyl group

stearic acid is what type of fat

a saturated fat

oleic acid is what type of fat

monounsaturated

lineoloeic acid is what type of fat

polyunsaturated

true or false: all carbons, no matter the type of bond, have a hydrogen attached to it?

false, when you fet a double bond you lose hydrogens

what does it mean to be monounsaturated

you have one double bond in the carbon backbone

what does it mean to be polyunsaturated

more than 1 double bond in the carbon backbone

what are the 3 parrts of a fatty acid

1) methyl group 2) carbon backbone 3) carboxyl group

are saturated fats the healthy fats>

no , they contribute do cardiovascular diseases

what is the heatlhy type of fat

polyunsaturated

what are the three types of fatty acid sizes

long chain medium short

what is considered a long chain

c12 to c26

what is considered a medium chain fatty acid

c8 and c10

what is considered short chain fatty acids

c4 and c6

is omega 3 an essential or non essential fatty acif

essential

what does it mean to be an essential fatty acid?

must be taken up by an exogenous source

explain omega 3 fatty acid

there is an omega end and an alpha end (carboxyl) | 1st double found is located on thr 3rd carbon from the omega end

what is the omega end of a fatty acid

methyl group end

what is the aplha end of a fatty acid

the end with the carboxyl group

which chain has a hard time getting through the mitochondira

long chain

which chains have an easy time getting through the mitochondira ?

small and medium

true or false: the long chain fatty acids can maenouver through the lipid bilyaer without assitance

false, they need assitance

true or false: fatty acids are the functional components of lipids

false they are the structural component of the lipids EXCEPT cholesterol, bile acids and steriods

fatty are are naturally occuring ....

monocarboxy,ic acids

true or false: fatty acids tend to have an evennumber of carbon

trtue

what do phospholipids contain (biologiclay)

biologically acitive substances like prostaglandins, thromboxane and inositotriphosphate

true or false: the phospholipids modulate the activies of the hormone systems

False, they modulate the activities of membrane enzymes and transporters

what is anothet prominent part of the memrbane that is not phsopholipids and why

cholesterol | tjey control fluidity andf protein function

true or false: cholesterol is a precursor for bile acids and steriod hormones

true

what organ makes most of the chrolesterol

liver

what is the formula for steric acid and is it saturated, mono or ply

C18, H36, O2 | saturates

what is the formula for oleic acid and is it saturaed ,mono or poly

C18, H34 O2 | mono unsat.

what is the formula for linoleic acid and is it mono poly or saturated

C18 H32 O2 | poly