Lecture Test 2 Flashcards
(339 cards)
1
Q
What separates plants from algae?
A
Structural adaptations that allow plants to thrive on land: roots, stems, and leaves
2
Q
What algae is ancestral to the first land plants?
A
Green Algae
3
Q
What are the common characteristics between green algae and plants?
A
Both contain chlorophylls a and b
Store food as starch within chloroplasts
(Most) have single nucleus in each cell
Cell walls containing cellulose
Reproduce sexually and a sexually
4
Q
Spores
A
Structures contained within the sporangia that are released, dispersed by wind, and produce the gametophyte
5
Q
Seedless nonvascular plants
A
Group of plants that have a dominant gametophyte stage and lack seeds and vascular tissues
6
Q
Sori
A
Structures on the underside of the fronds of ferns that consist of sporangia that contain sporocytes that develop into spores
7
Q
Fern leaves have branched veins called _____
A
Fronds
8
Q
Seedless vascular plants:
Sporophyte develops _____ and ____ while the gametophyte develops _____
A
Sporophyte develops rhizomes and roots
Gametophyte develops rhzoids
9
Q
Moss archegonia
A
Female sex organs that form within a cavity at the tip of the moss gametophyte (archegoniophore) where a few eggs are produced
10
Q
Root
A
Plant structure that absorbs water and minerals, stores food, and anchors the plant in the soil
11
Q
Gametes
A
Haploid sperm and eggs used for sexual reproduction
12
Q
Sporangium
A
Part of the sporophyte that contains sporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce spores
13
Q
ON THE TEST!!
What structure produces haploid spores in plants?
A
Sporangia
14
Q
Zygote
A
A diploid cell that forms when a sperm and egg unite at fertilization
15
Q
Seedless Vascular Plants
A
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and lack seeds
16
Q
Rhizoids
A
Structures used to anchor nonvascular plants to the substrate
17
Q
Moss Antheridia
A
Male sex organs that form on short stalks at the tip of the moss gametophyte (antheridiophore) where many sperm are produced
18
Q
Gametangia/Flowers/Cones
A
Site for reproduction in plants
19
Q
Angiosperms
A
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive flowers
20
Q
Gametangia
A
Male and female reproductive structures found on the male and female gametophytes of nonvascular plants
21
Q
Fern Antheridia
A
Male gametangia that are interspersed among the rhizoids on the lower surface toward the center of the heart-shaped fern gametophyte
22
Q
Gametophyte
A
Generation were haploid cells produce gametes that join together at fertilization to form a diploid zygote
23
Q
Gymnosperms
A
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive cones
24
Q
Diploid Cells
A
Cells that have two sets of chromosomes; one from each parent
25
Fertilization
The union of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a zygote
26
Homosporous
Plants that have sporangia that produce one type of spore that develops into one type of bisexual gametophyte
27
Sporophyte
Generation were diploid cells go through meiosis to produce haploid sexual spores
28
Indusia
Protective thin flap of the fern sori that cover the clusters of sporangia, and will shrink as the sporangia mature to release spores
29
Fern Prothalli
Independent leafy gametophytes of ferns that are heart-shaped and one cell thick. Male and female gametangia are found on the same prothallus but WILL NOT self fertilize.
30
Protonema
Tubular strands that develop from spores and produce the leafy gametophytes of mosses (nonvascular plants)
Enhance the absorption of water and minerals by increasing surface area underground
31
Meiosis
Nuclear division that cuts the chromosome number in half for the production of gametes
32
Haploid Cells
Cells that have one set of chromosomes; found in gametes for sexual reproduction
33
Annulus
Heavy-walled cells along the edge of the sporangia of ferns that catapult the spores out of the sporangia, depending on moisture
34
Sporocytes
Structures within the sporangia that undergo meiosis to produce spores
35
Phloem
Tissue that conducts food (sugars) throughout the plant. Has a two way flow. Composed of living cells
36
Fern Archegonia
Female gametangia that are produced close to the notch of the heart-shaped fern gametophyte
37
Phragmoplasts
Spindle fibers that form between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell and is later replaced by the cell wall
38
Xylem
Tissue that conducts water and minerals up from the roots. Found more interiorly. Has a one way flow. Composed of dead hollow cells
39
Rhizomes
Underground stems that absorb water, anchor the plant, and produce aboveground stems of the sporophyte
40
Vascular Tissue
Fundamental tissue that transports material throughout the plant
41
_______ are the only present day algae that share distinctive traits with plants.
What are these traits?
Charophytes
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of phragmoplasts
42
What are some traits that plants have that Charophytes (algae) do not?
Alternation of generations
Multicellular dependent embryos
Sporangia produce spores
Gametangia produce gametes
43
Alternation of Generations can be found in what organisms?
Ferns, Plants, and multicelled green algae
44
Sporophytes that produce one type of spores are ________
Sporophytes that produce two types of spores are __________
Sporophytes that produce one type of spores are HOMOSPOROUS
Sporophytes that produce two types of spores are HETEROSPOROUS
45
Asexual phase – _______ produces _______
Sexual phase – _________ produces ________
Asexual phase – Sporophyte produces spores
Sexual phase – Gametophyte produces gametes (sperm and eggs)
46
Meiosis marks the point when the cells go from being ______to______to produce ________
Fertilization marks the point when the cells go from being _______ to ______ to produce a _____
Meiosis marks the point when the cells go from being DIPLOID to HAPLOID to produce SPORES
Fertilization marks the point when the cells go from being HAPLOID to DIPLOID to produce a ZYGOTE
47
For Nonvascular Seedless plants, which generation is photosynthetic and which is not?
Gametophyte is photosynthetic
Sporophyte is NOT photosynthetic
48
For Nonvascular Seedless plants, what is the relationship between the sporophyte and the gametophyte generations?
Gametophyte is dominant generation. The sporophyte grows as a stalk from the gametophyte to release spores. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients and water.
49
For Nonvascular Seedless plants, which structures are haploid and which are diploid?
Haploid- Spore, gametophyte, gametes
Diploid- Zygote, Sporophyte, Sporangium
50
Nonvascular seedless plants lack roots. What is used to anchor them to the substrate?
They also lack stems and leaves. What is used to enhance absorption of water and minerals?
Rhizoids
Protonema-underground structure since no stems
51
Seedless plants reproduce using _________. Seed plants reproduce using ________.
Seedless plants reproduce using GAMETANGIA. Seed plants reproduce using FLOWERS AND CONES
52
Label the life cycle
53
54
55
Label
56
Label
57
58
59
60
61
Label complexities
62
63
64
65
66
Label
67
68
Phylogeny of Mosses
Green algae- Nonvascular
69
Phylogeny of Ferns
Green Algae-Vascular-Seedless
70
Phylogeny of Gymnosperms
Green Algae Ancestor-Vascular-Seed Producing-Cone Producing
71
Phylogeny of Angiosperms
Green Algae Ancestor-Vascular-Seed Producing-Flower and Fruit Producing
72
What does it mean when a plant is vascular vs nonvascular?
Vascular has a tubal system to transport nutrients throughout the plant (Xylem and Phloem).
Nonvascular means each cell is responsible for obtaining their own nutrients (all cells must be exposed to the environment to do this)
73
Which group of plants is the oldest known fossil?
Seedless nonvascular
74
Simple fossils are found in _______ and complex fossils are found _______
Simple fossils are found in OLDER ROCKS and complex fossils are found in YOUNGER ROCKS
Meaning current plants are increasing in complexity vs old primitive plants.
75
What is the difference between gymnosperms and Angiosperms?
Gymnosperms (gymno=naked) does not have an enclosed seed.
Angiosperms have enclosed seeds, which allow for flowering and fruiting
76
List some adaptations of seedless nonvascular plants that allow them to live on land
Retain moisture via waxy cuticle and stomata
Structural support from turgor pressure
Multicellular embryos
Require water for reproduction
77
Liverwort, Bryophytes, Moss, and Hornwort are examples of ________ plants
Seedless nonvascular plants
78
What is the dominant generation for Nonvascular plants?
Gametophyte generation
79
What is the dominant generation for vascular plants?
Sporophyte generation
80
Nonvascular plants lack seeds, so they grow from _____
spores
81
For nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is _______ and the sporophyte is _________
(Photosynthetic/not photosynthetic)
Gametophyte is photosynthetic and the sporophyte is not photosynthetic for nonvascular plants
82
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
83
Gametophyte produces ______
For nonvascular seedless plants, these are called _____ and ____
Gametes
Male gametangia are called antheridiophores
Female gametangia are called archegoniophores
84
Gametes produce ________
Sporophyte
Egg and sperm fertilize to become zygote, now its diploid
85
Nonvascular Male reproduction
haploid stage
86
Nonvascular Female reproduction
haploid stage
87
Seedless Nonvascular Gametes produce Sporophyte
88
What is the seta
Part of the nonvascular seedless reproduction. It stretches high to allow sporangium to release spores to float away in the wind
89
90
91
What are the three phyla belonging to Nonvascular plants?
Bryophyta- mosses
Hepatophyta- liverworts
Anthocerophyta-hornworts
92
How are plant phyla divided?
Separated based on physical structures and reproduction
93
What are two important adaptations of seedless vascular plants?
Lignin in cell wall allows plant to stand tall
Vascular tissue- allows for transportation of nutrients
94
Mosses use ______ and cellulose in their cell walls, while Ferns use _____ and cellulose
Mosses use pectin and cellulose
Ferns use Lignin and cellulose
95
Sporophyte and gametophyte are _________ for seedless vascular plants
photosynthetic
96
Since seedless vascular plants lack seeds, they grown from _____
spores
97
The gametophyte of seedless vascular plants are __________
Free-living/independent- not connected to the sporophyte. Disintegrates when sporophyte develops
98
99
What category of plant does not have a true root system?
Nonvascular seedless plants like mosses (Bryophytes)
100
What are the 2 phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants
Monilophyta- Ferns, horsetails
Lycophyta- ground pines and spike mosses
101
What plant groups have flagellated sperm?
Nonvascular seedless (Bryophytes) and Vascular seedless (Ferns)
102
Vascular seedless plants, where are the male and female gametangia found?
Archegonia (female) found at the notch of the gametophyte
Antheridia (male) found among the Rhizoids on the lower surface.
Found on the same Prothallus but will NOT self fertilize
103
Where does fertilization occur in Vascular seedless plants?
In the Archegonium (female gametangia)
104
Which of the major groups of plants evolved 360 million years ago with the development of seeds?
Gymnosperms
105
What is a key adaptation for living on land that is seen in seedless nonvascular plants?
Retain moisture with a waxy cuticle and stomata
106
Female gametangia contain the female sex organ called _______ that each contain one egg and male gametangia contain the male sex organ _____ that contain multiple sperm that swim in water to a female gametangia
Female gametangia contain the female sex organ called ARCHEGONIA that each contain one egg and male gametangia contain the male sex organ ANTHERIDIA that contain multiple sperm that swim in water to a female gametangia
107
What major group of plants lack roots, stems, and leaves?
Seedless nonvascular
108
Seedless plants have sporangia that contain sporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce what?
Homospores
109
What group of plants does not need to reproduce close to water and has seeds with wings to use wind dispersal?
Gymnosperms
110
Gymnosperms: Where are the seeds contained?
Female: Seed Cones
Male: Pollen Cones
111
What is the dominant generation for Gymnosperms?
Sporophyte
112
______ are woody plants that grow from seeds that have a protective coat and a supply of food for the embryo
Gymnosperms
113
Gymnosperms: Male and Female cones go through meiosis to produce _______
Spores.
2n becomes n
114
Gymnosperms:
_________ have wings for wind dispersal
Male Gametophyte (pollen grain)
115
Gymnosperms:
When sperm from the pollen grain meets an egg what occurs?
Fertilization occurs forming a zygote
n becomes 2n
116
What plant group does this describe:
True vascular system including roots, stems, and leaves.
Uses xylem and phloem for nutrients and water.
Does not need external water for reproduction.
Ovules and seeds are exposed
Needle like leaves which are slow for photosynthesis
Gymnosperm Sporophyte (the grown tree)
117
Needle like clusters of 2-5 leaves used for photosynthesis on gymnosperms are known as _________
Fascicle
118
What are Microsporophylls and Megasporophylls? Where can they be found?
Micro- Male pollen cones
Mega- Female seeds cones
Found on gymnosperm sporophytes when producing spores
119
Are gymnosperms homo or heterosporous?
Hetero
120
Are nonvascular seedless plants homo or hetersporous?
Homo
121
Are vascular seedless plants homo or heterosporous?
Homo
122
Are angiosperms homo or heterosporous?
Hetero
123
Gymnosperm:
Pollen cones produce numerous microspores within the microsporangia that develop into ________
pollen grain (male gametophyte)
124
Gymnosperm:
After the pollen grain lands on a seed cone, it produces a _________ that grows and digests its way to the archegonia that contains the egg for fertilization
After the pollen grain lands on a seed cone, it produces a POLLEN TUBE that grows and digests its way to the archegonia that contains the egg for fertilization
125
Gymnosperm:
After the pollen grain lands on a seed cone, it produces a pollen tube that grows and digests its way to the _________ that contains the egg for fertilization
After the pollen grain lands on a seed cone, it produces a pollen tube that grows and digests its way to the ARCHEGONIA that contains the egg for fertilization
126
Gymnosperms:
After fertilization, what does the female gametophyte develop into for the embryo within the seed?
the food source
127
What are the 4 phyla of Gymnosperms?
Coniferophyta (Conifers)
Ginkophyta (Ginkos)
Cycadophyta (Cycads)
Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)
128
90% of all living plants are considered what?
Angiosperms
129
What is the key adaptation for angiosperms?
Flowering or Fruit bearing.
130
What do angiosperms use for pollen dispersal?
Wind, Water, Animals
131
What is the dominant generation for angiosperms?
Sporophyte
132
Angiosperm:
______ produces spores that turn into the male gametophyte
______ produces spores that turn into the female gametophyte
Anther
Pistil
133
Angiosperm:
The majority of the generation is _________
haploid or diploid
Diploid
134
What plant group does this describe:
True vascular system including roots, stems, and leaves.
Uses xylem and phloem for nutrients and water.
Does not need to reproduce near water
Flowers are used to attract animal pollinators
Ovules and seeds are enclosed within a fruit
Angiosperms
135
Angiosperm reproductive structures
Stamens (male) produce and disperse pollen
Pistil (female) contain ovules that enclose the seed
136
Angiosperm:
A seed develops from a _____ and is part of an _______ that becomes the fruit
A seed develops from a CARPEL and is part of an OVARY that becomes the fruit
137
138
Angiosperms:
Since pollen grain is nonmotile, how does it get from an anther to a stigma
Animal pollinators, wind, or water
139
Angiosperm:
Pollen grains land on the pistil of a flower and produces a _________that grows to the egg for fertilization
Pollen grains land on the pistil of a flower and produces a POLLEN TUBE
140
What major group of plants produce ovules and seeds on the surface of cones?
Gymnosperms
141
Do plant zygote develop into the sporophyte or the gametophyte generation?
Sporophyte
142
What structure forms the male gametophyte for gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Pollen grains
143
Gymnosperms produce pollen grains that use what form of dispersal?
Wind
144
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains, which carry ________, from an anther of one flower to the stigma of another.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains, which carry SPERM, from an anther of one flower to the stigma of another.
145
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains, which carry sperm, from an _______ of one flower to the ______ of another.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains, which carry sperm, from an ANTHER of one flower to the STIGMA of another.
146
The size of the gametophyte is progressively _________ as the sporophyte becomes more dominant as the major groups of plants evolved
The size of the gametophyte is progressively REDUCED as the sporophyte becomes more dominant as the major groups of plants evolved
147
Stigma
The sticky top part of the pistil that can hold onto the pollen grains
148
What is the phylum and classes for angiosperms?
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida (Eudicots)
Class Liliopsida (Monocots)
149
Spores
Structures contained within the sporangia that are released, dispersed by wind, and produce the gametophyte
150
Ovule
Chamber in the carpel of the flower that houses the egg
151
Pollen grains
Male gametophytes of gymnosperms that are motile and angiosperms that are nonmotile
152
Heterosporous
Plants that have sporangia that produce two types of spores that develop into distinct male and female gametophytes
153
Gametes
Haploid sperm and eggs used for sexual reproduction
154
Sporangium
Part of the sporophyte that contains sporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce spores
155
Monocots
Group of angiosperms that have one cotyledon in the seed, parallel leaf veins, and flower parts in threes or multiples of three
156
Pollen cones
Male reproductive structures of gymnosperms that produce pollen
157
Embryo sac
Female megagametophyte of flowering plants that contains eight nuclei and is retained on the parent plant
158
Fruits
Forms from a mature ovary of a flower that swells around the seed to protect it and aids in seed dispersal
159
Angiosperms
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte state that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive flowers
160
Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma
161
Anthers
Male microsporophylls of flowers that develop microspores that form into pollen grains
162
Gametophyte
Generation where haploid cells produce gametes that join together at fertilization to form a diploid zygote
163
Gymnosperms
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive cones
164
Stamens
Male reproductive structure of flowers that produce and disperse pollen
165
Seed Cones
Female reproductive structure of gymnosperms that produce eggs that develop into seeds
166
Sporophyte
Generation where diploid cells go through meiosis to produce haploid sexual spores
167
Ovary
Female reproductive structure of flowers that produce eggs and continue developing into fruit and seeds
168
Eudicots
Group of angiosperms that have two cotyledons in the seed, netted leaf veins, and flower parts in 4s or 5s
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring in the STEM
169
Fascicles
Clusters of 2-5 needle-like leaves that are found on conifers
170
Xylem
Tissue that conducts water and minerals
171
Sporocytes
Structures within the sporangia that undergo meiosis to produce spores
172
Seeds
Structures that are produced have a protective coat and a supply of food for the developing sporophyte embryo
173
Carpels
Chambers in the ovary of the flower that house the ovules
174
Phloem
Tissue that conducts food (sugars) throughout the plant
175
Collenchyma
Tissue composed of cells that have cell walls with an uneven thickness located beneath the epidermis
176
Ground tissues
Fundamental tissue that consists of specialized cells for storage, photosynthesis, and support
177
Apical meristems
Types of meristem that produces primary growth to increase the length of a plant and is located at the tips of the roots and shoots
178
What are the three primary meristems?
Protoderm-gives rise to epidermis
Procambium- gives rise to xylem and phloem
Ground meristem- Gives rise to all primary tissues (except the above mentioned)
179
180
What are the two Lateral (secondary) meristems?
Vascular cambium- support and conduction, produces secondary xylem and phloem
Cork cambium- produces bark
181
What does bark consist of?
Phloem and cork
182
Sieve cells
Food conducting tubes that are small with narrow albuminous cells
183
Growth
Increase the mass and volume of an organism and results from the production of new cells
184
Tissues
Two or more types of cells that work together to perform a specific function
185
Tracheids
Water conducting tubes that are small and tapered at each end
186
Fibers
Type of sclerenchyma tissue that is composed of cells that are used for support in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits
187
Protoderm
Meristematic tissue that gives rise to the epidermis
188
Parenchyma
Tissue that contains large vacuoles that store starch, oils, tannins, crystals, and chloroplasts
189
Simple Tissues
Tissue that consists of one type of cell
190
Organs
Two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
191
Leaves
Plant organs that are the primary site for photosynthesis
192
Stems
Plant organs that support the leaves and flowers/cones
193
Ground meristem
Meristematic tissue that gives rise to all primary tissues except the epidermis, xylem, and phloem
194
Lateral meristems
Type of meristem that produces secondary growth to increase the width of a plant
195
Determinate growth
Growth that stops after an organ is fully expanded or a plants has reached a certain size (many annuals)
Refers to both roots and stems
196
Epidermis
Outer layer of cells that provides protection and has pores to allow for gas exchange
197
Transfer or companion cells
Tissue composed of cells that are elongated to increase their surface area and transport material short distances
198
Dermal tissue
Fundamental tissue that serves as the outer protective covering of the plant
199
Sieve tube members
Food conducting tubes that are large and narrow with tapered companion cells
200
Sclerenchyma
Tissue that is composed of cells with thick, tough secondary walls that are impregnated with lignin
201
Cork cambium
Meristematic tissue that lies outside the vascular cambium and just inside the outer bark, which it produces
202
203
204
Secretory tissues
Tissues that secrete waste material and other substances that are vital such as nectar, oil, and hormones from cells onto the epidermis.
Secretory tissues deter insects, secrete poisons, pheromones, or sticky sugars
205
Procambium
Meristematic tissue that gives rise to primary xylem and phloem
206
Meristematic tissues
Permanent growth region where cells actively divide
207
Roots
Plant organs that absorb water and minerals, stores food, and anchors the plant in the soil
208
Indeterminate growth
Growth that occurs in plants where new tissues are added season after season (perennials)
Refers to both roots and stems
209
Vascular cambium
Meristematic tissue that functions primarily in support and conduction and produces secondary xylem and phloem
210
Stomata
Pores of the epidermis that are used for gas exchange. STOMA is the opening
211
Cuticle
Fatty layer that covers the epidermis of the plant to provide protection
212
Sclereids
Type of sclerenchyma tissue that is composed of cells that are randomly distributed where needed and functions in support
213
Complex tissues
Tissues composed of two or more types of cells
214
Vessels
Large water conducting tubes that are long, and open at each end
215
What are the major groups of organs that plants have?
Roots, stems, leaves, and sometimes flowers/cones
216
What are the three fundamental tissues roots, stems, and leaves are composed of?
Dermal, Vascular, and Ground tissues
217
Pith and cortex are made of _____ tissue,
Xylem and Phloem are made up of ______ tissue, and
Epidermis is make up of ______ tissue
Pith and cortex: ground
Xylem Phloem: Vascular
Epidermis: dermal
218
What are the three types of simple tissues?
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
219
What is the most abundant of the cell types in a plant that can live more than 100 years?
Parenchyma cells
collenchyma cells can also live over 100 years but not most abundant
220
What type of cells make up the cell walls in celery?
Collenchyma cells
221
What type of cells are dead at maturity?
Sclerenchyma
222
What are the two types of sclerenchyma?
sclereids and fibers
sclereids make up the gritty texture of pears, apple cores, and peach pits
223
What are the cells that compose xylem and phloem
parenchyma and sclerenchyma
224
What are the cells that compose the epidermis
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
225
What are the cells that compose secretory tissues
parenchyma and epidermal cells
226
What are the two types of xylem
vessels and tracheids
227
What are the two types of sieve elements and where can they be found?
Sieve tube members- phloem of angiosperms
Sieve cells- phloem of seedless vascular plants (ferns)
228
A group of cells performing a similar function is known as what?
Tissues
229
What type of xylem consists of large tubes composed of individual cells that are open at each end? (This is why oak trees are known as hardwood)
Vessels
230
Leaves have many small pores called ________, which are bordered by guard cells that are used for ________
Leaves have many small pores called STOMATA, which are bordered by guard cells that are used for GAS EXCHANGE
231
______ meristems are regions where primary growth increases the length of the shoot and root tip, and _____ meristems are regions where secondary growth increases the width of the shoots and roots
APICAL meristems are regions where primary growth increases the length of the shoot and root tip, and LATERAL meristems are regions where secondary growth increases the width of the shoots and roots
232
Apical meristems are regions where ________ growth increases the _______ of the shoot and root tip, and lateral meristems are regions where ________ growth increases the _______ of the shoots and roots
Apical meristems are regions where PRIMARY growth increases the LENGTH of the shoot and root tip, and lateral meristems are regions where SECONDARY growth increases the WIDTH of the shoots and roots
233
What are the functions of the root system
Anchors the plant in the soil (prevents erosion)
Absorbs water and minerals
Stores food
Symbiotic relationship with bacteria and fungi
234
Terminal buds
Located at the tips of stems and contain meristematic tissue
235
Region of maturation
Part of the root tip where cells mature into distinct cell types of the primary tissues
236
Bud scales
Protect the young bud and fall off when the bud starts to grow
237
Mesophyll
Part of the leaf that is composed of parenchyma cells and functions primarily in photosynthesis and as moisture sensors
238
Shoot system
Above ground structure of a plant that include stems, leaves, and structures for reproduction
239
Axillary buds
Located in the axil of stem and contain meristematic tissue
240
Axil
Angle between a leaf petiole and the stem
241
Region of cell division
Contains the apical meristem in the center of the root tip where cells go through the process of mitosis
242
Protoderm
Meristematic tissue that gives rise to the epidermis
243
______ gives rise to the epidermis. ________ gives rise to the primary xylem and phloem. ________ gives rise to the parenchyma cells in between the epidermis and vascular tissue and may consist of the pith and cortex
PROTODERM gives rise to the epidermis.
PROCAMBIUM gives rise to the primary xylem and phloem.
GROUND MERISTEM gives rise to the parenchyma cells in between the epidermis and vascular tissue and may consist of the pith and cortex
244
Petiole
The stalk of the leaf that attaches the leaf to the stem.
This allows the leaves to follow the sun during the day
245
Compound leaves
Type of leaves that have a leaf blade that is divided into leaflets with a single axillary bud at the base
246
Carnivorous plants
Plants that are photosynthetic, but supplement their mineral diet by capturing insects and other small animals
247
Ectomycorrhizae
Fungi that form a dense sheath of mycelia over the surface of the root for nutrient exchange
248
Parasitic plants
Plants that absorb water, minerals, and sugars from a living host plant
249
Internodes
Regions of the stem between the leaves
250
Radicle
First rootlet from the seed embryo that develops after germination.
251
Pneumatophores
Roots that extend above the waters surface to enhance gas exchange for plants that grow in water
252
Lenticels
Pockets of tissue that protrude through the surface of the bark and are used for gas exchange
253
Epiphytes
Plants that grow on other plants but gather and produce their own nutrients
254
Root nodules
Symbiotic relationship between rhizobacteria and the roots of plants lead to plants forming open sacs for the rhizobacteria to live
255
Root System
Plant organs that absorb water and minerals, stores food, and anchors the plant in the soil
256
Region of elongation
Part of the root where cells grow several times in length and somewhat in width
257
258
Leaf blades
Flattened structure that houses mesophyll, vascular tissue, and the epidermis
259
Adventitious roots
Roots that arise from a stem or leaf
260
Root cap
Parenchyma cells that cover the tip of the root to protect delicate tissues from damage and provide a perception of gravity for growth
261
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of plants
262
Food storage in roots
Roots that store large quantities of starch undergroud
263
Nodes
Region where the leaves are attached to the stem
264
Simple Leaves
Type of leaves that have a single blade with a single axillary bud at the base
265
Buttress roots
Roots that are huge toward the base of the trunk to provide stability and occurs in plants that grow in shallow soil
266
Aerial roots
Roots that form aboveground and have a thick epidermis to prevent water loss, provide support, and to help form additional soil
Ex: corn
267
Endomycorrhizae
Fungi that are embedded in the root and penetrate the plant cell walls to facilitate nutrient exchange
268
All plants have ______ growth. Only some have _________ growth.
All have PRIMARY growth.
Only some have SECONDARY growth
269
Monocots have ______ veins and Dicots have _____ veins
Monocots have PARALLEL veins and Dicots have BRANCHED NETWORK of veins
270
Internal structure of leaves
Stomata at the bottom, Secretory cell at the top.
Vein includes primary xylem and phloem
271
Plants can provide mycorrhizae with ______ and the mycorrhizae provides the plants with _____
Plants can provide mycorrhizae with SUGAR and the mycorrhizae provides the plants with SURGACE AREA FOR WATER UPTAKE AND OTHER MINERALS
272
What plant organ system forms symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungi?
Root system
273
What plant organ elevates reproductive structures to facilitates the dispersal of pollen and fruit?
Stems
274
______ allows for gas exchange and develop beneath the stomata of woody stems
Lenticels
275
What internal leaf region functions primarily in photosynthesis and as moisture sensors?
Mesophyll
276
_______ produce antibiotics that protect the plant roots from disease, others absorb toxic metals or make nutrients available to roots, others convert nitrogen into a form that is usable by plants or stimulate plant growth.
Rhizobacteria
277
What plants are photosynthetic, but supplement their mineral diet by capturing insects and other small animals?
Carnivorous plants
278
What plants grow on other plants and absorb water and minerals form rain, mostly though leaves rather than roots?
Epiphytes
279
What is found in the center of monocot roots?
Dicto roots?
Monocots have pith in the center
Dicots have xylem and phloem in the center
280
What are the 3 key traits for angiosperm life cycle?
Use flowers for reproduction
Use double fertilization process
Use fruit for seed disperasal
281
What makes up each of the 4 "whorls" on a flower?
1: Pistils (innermost whorl)
2:Stamens
3: Petals
4: Sepals
282
283
The ovary of a flower develops into the _____ while the ovule develops into the ______
Ovary develops into the FRUIT
Ovule develops into the SEED
284
Angiosperms male gametophytes:
Generative cell develops into ______ and the tube cell produces _______
Generative cell develops into TWO SPERM CELLS and the tube cell produces THE POLLEN TUBE
285
Ovule
Chamber in the carpel of the flower that houses the egg
286
Pollen grains
Male gametophytes of gymnosperms that are motile and angiosperm that are nonmotile
287
Style
Part of the carpel that forms the stalk through which the sperm travel to reach the egg
288
Double fertilization
The union of the two sperm cells with different nuclei in the female gametophyte of flowering plants
289
Plumule
The embryo shoot contained within a seed
290
Accessory fruits
Type of fruit that is derived from other flower parts as well as the ovary
291
Cytokinins
ON THE TEST
Plant hormone that regulates cell division in roots and shoots, promotes nutrient movement, and slows the aging of certain organs
PROMOTES LATERAL GROWTH
292
Multiple fruits
Type of fruit that is derived from an inflorescence
293
Sporangia
Part of the sporophyte that contains sporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce spores
294
Perfect floweres
Flowers that have both stamens and pistils
295
Abscisic acid
Plant hormone that inhibits growth, promotes stomatal closure, leave senescence, seed dormancy, and inhibits early germination
296
Angiosperms
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive flowers
297
Embryo sac
Female megagametophyte of flowering plants that contains eight nuclei and is retained on the parent plant
298
Fruits
Forms from a mature ovary of a flower that swells around the seed to protect it and aids in seed dispersal
299
Carpels
chambers in the ovary of the flower that house the ovules
300
Ovary
Part of the pistil that forms the chamber that protects the ovules
301
Coleoptile
The tubular sheathing that protects the plumule in monocot seeds
302
Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma: pollen grains may be dispersed by animals, wind or water.
303
Antipodals
Three cells in the embryo sac of flowering plants that help with embryo nutrition
304
Epicotyl
The short stem that forms above the cotyledons
305
Abiotic stresses
Environmental stresses that are caused by the nonliving environment such as draught, flooding, salt, heat, and cold.
306
Complete flowers
Flowers that have sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
307
Auxin
Plant hormone that functions in phototropism, enhances apical dominance, and promotes lateral and adventitious roots
PROMOTES PRIMARY GROWTH
308
Imperfect flowers
Flowers that only have either stamens or pistils
309
Inflorescence
Flowers that are composed of several to hundreds of florets
ex: sunflowers and onions
310
Aggregate fruits
Type of fruit that is derived from a single flower with several individual pistils that develop into tiny clusters on a single receptracle
311
Stamens
Male reproductive structure of flowers that produce and disperse pollen
312
Synergids
Two cells closest to the micropyle in the embryo sac of flowering plants that guide the pollen tube toward the egg
313
Micropyle
pathway for the pollen tube to develop. This is what allows angiosperms to form the pollen tube quickly. Not present in gymnosperms, which is why it takes many months for their pollen tube to form.
314
Hormones
Signaling molecules that trigger a response in certain cells to help plants coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
315
Filament
Part of the stamen that forms a stalk to hold up the anther
316
Gibberellins
Plant hormone that promotes pollen development, fruit growth, seed development and germination, and regulates maturation
317
Seeds
Structures that are produced have a protective coat and a supply of food for the developing sporophyte embryo
318
Incomplete flowers
Flowers that are missing sepals, petals, stamens, and/or pistils
319
Simple fruits
Fruits that are derived from a single flower with a single or several fused carpels
320
Anthers
Male microsporophylls of flowers that develop microspores that form into pollen grains
321
Coleorhiza
The tubular sheathing that protects the radicle in monocot seeds
322
Ethylene
Plant hormone that PROMOTES FRUIT RIPENING, leaf abscission, seedling development, lateral extension, and senescence
323
Cotyledons
Seed structures that are the first seed leaves and also function as the food storage organ in dicots
324
Stigma
Part of the pistil that forms the landing platform for pollen
325
Biotic stresses
Environmental stresses that are caused by living organisms and trigger a plants physical and chemical defenses against pathogens and herbivory
326
Hypocotyl
The stem that forms below the cotyledons
327
Pistils
Female reproductive structure of flowers that produce eggs and continue developing into fruit and seeds
328
Hilum
Seeds structure that marks the point where the ovule was attached to the ovary wall
329
Dicot seed structure
330
Monocot seed structure
331
332
What are the 3 key traits for angiosperm life cycle?
Use fruit for seed dispersal
Use a double fertilization process
Use flowers for reproduction
333
What part of the flower is where pollen grains are produced?
Anther
334
_______ flowers have the presence of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, and _______ flowers have both stamens and pistils present
COMPLETE flowers have the presence of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, and PERFECT flowers have both stamens and pistils present
335
After fertilization, the ovary expands and thickens to form the ______ and the ovule develops into the ______
After fertilization, the ovary expands and thickens to form the FRUIT and the ovule develops into the SEED
336
After a seed germinates, what is the short stem above the cotyledons called?
Epicotyl
337
What environmental stress triggers plants to produce solutes they can tolerate at high concentrations to avoid loss of water?
Salt
338
How can a plants immune system help prevent the spread of infection?
Local defense- hypersensitive response
General defense- system acquired resistance
339
What are some ways plants defend themselves from herbivory, biotic stresses?
Trichomes
Spines and thorns
Egg mimicry
Communication
