Lecture Test 3 Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
Group of bony fishes that have muscular fins supported by rod-shaped bones
A
Lobe-finned fishes
2
Q
Group of vertebrate chordates that have skin covered in scales, produce eggs with a leathery shell, and are ectothermic
A
Reptiles
3
Q
Only one line divides an organism into equal or mirrored halves
A
Bilateral Symmetry
4
Q
Group of animals that have organs, bilateral symmetry, long narrow and round bodies, pseudocoeloms, and a cuticle. No cephalization
A
Phylum Nematoda
5
Q
Group of animals that have organ systems, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal slits, notochord, hollow nerve cord, and a postanal tail
A
Phylum Chordata
6
Q
Organisms that have a body with all three germ layers and a body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm
A
Pseudocoelomates
7
Q
Group of vertebrate chordates that have a skull, but lack jaws and fins and feed using an oral disc and include hagfish and lampreys
A
Jawless fish
8
Q
Organisms that lack a backbone
A
Invertebrates
9
Q
Group of arthropods that have many pairs of legs and feeding appendages and most have two paired antennae
A
Crustaceans
10
Q
Group of bony fishes that have fins lined with hardened rays and have a swim bladder and operculum
A
Ray-finned fish
11
Q
Group of invertebrate chordates that are free swimming filter feeders
A
Lancelets
12
Q
Group of vertebrate chordates that have skull, jaws, fins, and tail to control movement, and a flexible skeleton made of cartilage
A
Cartilaginous Fish
13
Q
Group of vertebrate chordates that have feathers and wings, legs covered in scales, and are endothermic
A
Birds
14
Q
Organisms that have a body with all three germ layers but no body cavity except the gut
A
Acoelomates
15
Q
Group of vertebrate chordates that have a skull, jaws, fins and tail to control movement, and a rigid skeleton made of bone
A
Bony Fish
16
Q
Group of animals that have organ systems, bodies are enclosed by a hard skeleton of spiny plates, and most use tube feet to move
A
Phylum Echinodermata
17
Q
Organisms that maintain a body temperature independent of the environment
A
Endothermic
18
Q
Group of animals that have organ systems, bilateral symmetry, are eucoelomates, bodies have a mantle, and feed using a radula
A
Phylum Mollusca
19
Q
Structure in bony fish that forms a flap over the gills to circulate water
A
Operculum
20
Q
Any line that divides an organisms into equal or mirrored halves
A
Symmetry
21
Q
Group of mammals that have a long gestation in the uterus and a short lactation and include primates, rodents, bears, cats, and dogs
A
Placental
22
Q
Group of arthropods that have four pairs of walking legs, specialized mouthparts, lack antennae, and are predators
A
Arachnids
23
Q
Group of animals that have organs, bilateral symmetry, are acoelomates, and are hermaphroditic
A
Phylum Platyhelminthes
24
Q
Group of animals that have organ systems, bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton
A
Phylum Arthropoda
25
Group of animals that lack tissues, are asymmetrical, and have a body that consists of a hollow tube or canals with pores in their walls. Filter feeders
Phylum Porifera
26
Group of arthropods that have long segmented bodies with one pair of legs per body segement
Centipedes
27
Organisms that are multicellular heterotrophs that have the ability to move at some stage in their life cycle
Animals
28
Group of mammals that lay eggs and produce milk that is secreted through the skin, and include platypus and echidnas
Monotremes
29
Group of arthropods that have long segmented bodies with two pairs of legs per body segment
Millipedes
30
Group of animals that have tissues, radial symmetry, are carnivores, and have a body form that is a polyp or medusa.
Phylum Cnidaria
31
Group of mammals that have a short gestation and a long lactation in a pouch and include koalas and kangaroos
Marsupials
32
Why aren't Koalas considered bears?
Because they don't have the Koala-fications 🤣
33
Group of vertebrate chordates that have a skull, thin moist skin, four angled limbs, produce eggs that lack shells, and are ectothermic
Amphibians
34
Many lines divide an organism into equal or mirrored halves
Radial Symmetry
35
Organisms that have a backbone
Vertebrates
36
Group of vertebrate chordates that have hair, mammary glands, and are endotherms
Mammals
37
Structure in bony fish that inflates and deflates to change the organisms' depth in water. Helps to maintain buoyancy
Swim bladder
38
Group of arthropods that have three pairs of walking legs, one pair of antennae, and many have two pairs of wings, have different life stages (metamorphosis)
Insects
39
No lines that divides an organism into equal or mirrored halves present
Asymmetrical
40
Group of animals that have organ systems, bilateral symmetry, long segmented bodies, and are eucoelomates, first to have cardiovascular/circulatory system
Phylum Annelida
41
Group of invertebrate chordates that are stationary filter feeders
Tunicates
42
Organisms that have a body temperature that fluctuates with the environment
Ectothermic
43
Organisms that have a body with all three germ layers and a body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm
Eucoelomates
44
Characteristics of Animals
Heterotrophs, Multicellular, ability to move
45
Sponges are what Phylum?
Porifera
46
What is this phylum
Cnidaria
Polyp form example: hydra, coral, sea anemone
Medusa form example: jellyfish
47
Flatworms are what phylum?
Platyhelminths
48
Acoelomate
Common in Platyhelminths
49
Hermaphroditic
Organisms that have both male and female reproductive organs in one individual
Ex: Platyhelminths like tapeworms that can self fertilize 🤮
50
What phylum are Roundworms?
Includes also pinworms and Trichinella
Nematoda
51
Pseudocoeloms
Common in Nematoda
52
What phylum are Segmented worms?
Annelida
53
Common in all phylum past Annelida (Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordate)
54
Segmentation
Division of the body along its length into a series of repeated units.
Allows for greater flexibility and more complex movement.
Ex: Annelida- Segmented Worms
55
What is this phylum
Mollusca
56
What is this phylum
Arthropods
57
What are the 4 groups of Arthropods?
Arachnids, Crustaceans, Insects, Millipedes/Centipedes
58
Spiders, Crabs, Bees, and Centipedes belong to what Phylum?
Arthropoda
59
What is this phylum?
Echinodermata
60
What are the two groups found in Chordata?
Invertebrate chordates and Vertebrate chordates
61
Be able to label this without a word bank
62
grooves located just behind the mouth that filters food particles from the water
Pharyngeal slits
63
Flexible rod that gives support along the length of the back and provides attachment sites for muscles.
For some chordates, this turns into the vertebrae
Notochord
64
Hollow tube that runs along the dorsal surface of the back and provides muscle stimulation.
Gives rise to the nervous system, allow organisms to react to environment. For some organisms it can turn into spinal cord
Hollow nerve cord
65
Extends backward from the anus and is used for locomotion.
Some organisms have this their entire lives, used for climbing and balance.
Postanal tail
66
What type of chordates lack a skull and backbone.
Ex: Lancelets and Tunicates
Invertebrate chordates
67
What are the 5 groups of vertebrates chordates?
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
68
What do vertebrate chordates have that invertebrates dont?
Endoskeleton that includes backbone and skull
69
What kind of jawless fish have a skull but lack a backbone?
What kind has a skull and backbone?
Hagfish have a skull but no backbone
Lampreys have a skull and backbone
70
What type of fish have flexible skeletons made of cartilage? Give examples
Cartilaginous fish.
Ex: sharks and rays
71
What kind of fish have a rigid skeleton made of bone? Give examples
Bony fish.
Ex: Ray-finned and Lobe-finned
72
Rod-shaped bones of lobe-finned fish are _________ to amphibian limb bones
(homologous or analogous)
Rod-shaped bones of lobe-finned fish are HOMOLOGOUS (similar) to amphibian limb bones
73
What group of vertebrate chordates have both aquatic and terrestrial adaptations?
Amphibians like salamanders and frogs
74
What are the aquatic and terrestrial adaptations of amphibians?
Aquatic: eggs lack shells and must remain in water. Many have gills during juvenile stage
Terrestrial: Four angled limbs, use lungs and skin for gas exchange, ectothermic
75
Unlike amphibians, reptiles can only use _____ for gas exchange.
Unlike amphibians, retiles can only use LUNGS for gas exchange. Amphibians can use mucous covered skin as adults or gills when juvenile.
76
What are the 3 groups of mammals
Monotremes, Marsupials, Placental
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
________ is the only phyla that is Asymmetrical
________ is the only phyla that has Radial symmetry
All other phyla have __________
The exception to know is _______
PORIFERA (SPONGES) is the only phyla that is Asymmetrical
CNIDARIA is the only phyla that has Radial symmetry
All other phyla have BILATERAL SYMMETRY
Echinodermata is an exception: larvae are bilateral, adult are radial
86
What are the 9 phyla in the animalia kingdom?
Hint: PCP, Narcotics, And Marijuana Are Excellent Choices
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
87
What are the three fundamental challenges all animals face?
Obtain nutrients and oxygen
Fight off infection
Produce offspring
88
List the 11 major organ systems
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
89
Cells that bind neurons together, nourishes them, and influences the electrical activity of the neurons
Neuroglia
90
Organ system used to defend the body against invaders
Lymphatic system
91
Level or organization where tissues are assembled into functional units
organ level
92
Major tissue that covers the body surfaces and lines body cavities
Epithelial tissue
93
Underlying connective tissue to which membranes of epithelial cells are attached
Basement membrane
94
Noncellular material that separates the cells and varies from solid (bone), semifluid (cartilage), to fluid (blood); contains protein fibers
Extracellular fluid
95
Organ system used to regulate blood volume and composition
Urinary system
96
organ system used for movement of the skeleton
Muscular system
97
Level of organization where cells are grouped together and perform their common functions as a highly coordinated unit.
Tissue level
98
Organ system used for the movement of blood
Cardiovascular system
## Footnote
Not controlled by nervous system like most other systems
99
Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation that maintains a normal range rather than a fixed value.
Provides stability to return us to "set point"
Negative feedback
100
Organ system used for short term regulation of other body systems. Composed of neurons that use neurotransmitters to communicate across a synaptic cleft
Nervous system
101
Level of organization where different organs operate together to perform a specific funtion
Organ system level
102
Study of the natural form of the body
Anatomy
103
Major tissue that receives stimuli and conducts nerve impluses
Nervous tissue
104
Organ system that functions in gas exchange
Respiratory system
105
Organ system that functions in protection and thermoregulation
Integumentary system
This includes hair and nails
106
Process that maintains the internal constancy of cells by adjusting physiological systems to preserve balance
Homeostatic regulation
107
Specialized cells that generate and conduct electrical events to stimulate neurons muscles, and glands
Neurons
108
Organ system used for the breakdown and absorption of nutrient molecules
Digestive system
109
Level of organization where cells demonstrate a division of labor, but do not perform a specific collective function
Cellular level
110
Major tissue that moves the body and its parts
Muscular tissue
Three types are smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
111
Organ systems that secrete regulatory hormones for a long term response.
Composted of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine system
112
Major tissue that binds and supports body parts
Connective tissue
113
The study of how the body functions normally
Physiology
114
Organ system used to transmit genetic information to future generations
Reproductive system
115
Organ system used for movement and support
Skeletal system
116
Accelerates a process to completion and occurs with childbirth, lactation, and stressful or potentially dangerous processes
Increases variation until completion-Fight or flight response
Positive feedback
117
What are the levels of organization
Atom-Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism
118
What is the first level of organization capable of sustaining life?
Cellular
Ex: Phyla Porifera are made of cells, not tissues or organs
119
Integumentary –
Skeletal –
Muscular –
Nervous –
Endocrine –
Integumentary – protection and thermal regulation
Skeletal – movement and support
Muscular – movement of the skeleton
Nervous – regulation of other body systems
Endocrine – secretes regulatory hormones
120
Cardiovascular –
Lymphatic –
Respiratory –
Digestive –
Urinary –
Reproductive –
Cardiovascular – movement of blood
Lymphatic – defends the body against invaders
Respiratory – gas exchange
Digestive – break down and absorb nutrients
Urinary – regulation of blood volume and composition
Reproductive – transmits genetic information to future generations
121
What are the four tissues found in organ systems?
Epithelial- lines body cavities
Connective- supports body parts
Muscle - moves the body
Nervous- receives stimuli and conducts impulses
122
Epithelial tissue
123
Connective Tissue
124
Muscle tissue
125
Nervous tissue
126
What are the two ways epithelial tissue is organized?
By shape and by layers
Ex: layers can be simple, pseudostratified, or stratified. Shapes can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.
127
Squamous cells
Main function is protection. Found in air sacs of the lungs, ducts and bladder
128
Cuboidal cells
Main function is the absorption of molecules such as water, minerals, urea, Found on ovaries, kidney tubues, salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas
129
Columnar cells
Main function is the absorption of nutrients such as fats, sugars, and proteins. Found in digestive tract, parts of the eye, pharynx, anus, uterus, urethra
130
Pseudostratified cells
Main function is to sweep away impurities such as dust from airways. Found in respiratory passageways.
131
What are the four types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
132
What type of connective tissue consists of cells called chondrocytes surrounded by a semisolid extracellular fluid that provides some flexibility to the tissue?
Cartilage
133
What type of connective tissue consists of protein fibers scattered in the extracellular fluid?
Connective tissue proper
134
What type of connective tissue consist of cells called osteocytes that is surrounded by a hard extracellular fluid that provides support for tissues, movement, and protection for internal organs
Bone
135
What type of connective tissue consists of cells suspended in an extracellular fluid called plasma that are contained within blood vessels that transport nutrients and oxygen to tissues and gathers waste and carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body
Blood
136
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal- multinucleated, voluntary, moves body
Cardiac- uninucleated, involuntary, pump the heart
Smooth- uninucleated, involuntary, moves food through digestive tract and blood through vessels
137
The ______ system and ______ system work together to preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
The NERVOUS system and ENDOCRINE system work together to preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
138
The nervous system is organized for _______, _______ responses
The endocrine system is organized for _______, _________ responses
The nervous system is organized for IMMEDIATE, SHORT responses
The endocrine system is organized for SLOW, PROLONGED responses
139
What is the most abundant chemical substance in the body?
Water
140
All living organisms require what 5 things to survive?
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
141
________ is balance and allows us to sense and react to stimuli. Cells maintain a balance in water, pH, and salinity. Failure will lead to death or illness
Homeostatis
142
Which phyla has: bilateral symmetry, segmentation, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton
Arthropoda
143
Which phyla has: pharyngeal slits, notochord, hollow nerve cord, and postanal tail?
Chordates
144
Which phyla has: Bilateral symmetry, mantle, radula, and have a body with a foot or tentacles
Mollusca
145
Which phyla has: asymmetry, lack tissues, sessile, and the body resembles a sac with pores?
Porifera
146
Which phyla has: organs, bilateral symmetry, segmentation, elongated bodies, and are eucoleomates
Annelida
147
Which phyla has: organs, bilateral symmetry, cuticle, and are pseudocoelomates
Nematoda
148
Which phyla has: cells organized into tissues, radial symmetry, and stinging tentacles
Cnidaria
149
Which phyla has: bilateral and radial symmetry, tube feet, and the body is covered in spiny plates
Echinodermata
150
Which phyla has: organs, bilateral symmetry, acoelomates, and are hermaphroditic
Platyhelminths
151
Anatomy is the study of ______ and physiology is the study of ________
Form/function
152
What level of organization contains two or more types of tissues working together?
organ
153
What major organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli?
Nervous
154
What major organ system eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products?
Urinary
155
What major tissue type covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
Epithelial
156
What type of muscle tissue consists of parallel cells that are multinucleated and is under voluntary control to move the body?
Skeletal
157
The presence of a stable environment inside the body that is vital to an organisms survival is known as what?
Homeostasis
158
Peripheral nerves that branch from the spinal cord to control the body except the head, neck and faical regions
Spinal nerves
159
Cells that are mobile and phagocytize foreign material and cellular waste and debris around neurons
Found in CNS and protects it from pathogens, can move
Microglia
160
Serves as insulators, speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses, and aids in nerve regeneration
Myelin sheaths
161
Small gaps of an axon that are not wrapped in myelin and are used to produce nerve impulses
Nodes
162
part of the central nervous system that receives sensory information and allows animals to modify their behavior
Brain
163
Cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system
Neurons
164
Cells that form a myelin sheath around peripheral axons and shield myelinated and unmelinated axons from interstitial fluids
Schwann cells
165
Type of neurons that take nerve impulses away fro mthe central nervous system to an effector
Motor neurons
166
Major division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. Maintains Homeostasis. Allows for learning, senses, and memory
Central nervous system
167
Cells that regulate the external environment of neurons and ependymal cells and maintains the blood brain barrier
Most abundant neuroglial cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
168
Regions of the nervous system dominated by unmyelinated axons where the axons are short. Considered "thin" axon
Ex: Brain. Stimulus does not have to travel very far
Gray matter
Hint: G.U.S - Grey, Unmyelinated, Short distances
169
Body system that monitors internal and external changes and processes and interprets sensory input and decides what to do
Nervous System
170
Part of the neuron that is a long extension that conducts action potential impulses away from the cell body
Axon
171
Part of the central nerovous system that provides a means of communication between the brain and the peripheral nerves
Spinal cord
172
Epithelial cells which line the fluid filled passageways within the brain ventricles and the spinal cord central canal
Produces and monitors cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ependymal cells
173
Type of neurons that lie entirely within the central nervous system that sums up information
Interneurons
174
Part of the neuron that forms short extension that receive and transmit graded electrochemical impulses to the cell body
Dendrites
175
Regions of the nervous system dominated by myelinated axons
Considered "thick" axons
Ex: Spinal cord. Signal has a long way to travel
White matter
176
Cells that stabilize the position of axons by producing myelin sheaths in the central nervous system
Increases the conduction speed of action potentials
Oligodentrocytes
177
Fluid that fills the spaces between the meninges and protects the brain and spinal cord, supplies nutrients, transports hormones, and removes waste material
Cerebrospinal fluid
178
What is the difference between a hormone and an enzyme?
You can't hear an enzyme 🤭
😂
179
Major division of the nervous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
180
Major region of the brain that is the second largest part that reveices sensory input about the bodys position to maintain balance
Cerebellum
181
Major region of the brain that houses thousands of reflex arcs
Brainstem
182
Cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons in the peripheral nervous system that regulate the environment around the neuron
Satellite cells
183
Nerve clusters that help coordinate movement with sensory information
Ganglia
184
Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles
Cell body
185
Major region of the brain that consists of two hemispheres that are used for higher mental functions
Cerebrum
186
Peripheral nerves that branch from the brain to control the head, neck, and facial regions of the body
Cranial nerves
187
Major region of the brain that is the structural and functional link between the cerebral hemispheres and the rest of the CNS
Diencephalon
188
Areas of an axon that are wrapped in myelin and are used to speed up nerve impulses
Internodes
189
Layers that surround all axons in the peripheral nervous system composed of schwann cells
Neurilemma
190
Type of neuron that takes nerve signals from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system
Sensory neurons
191
Cells that support and nourish neurons
Neuroglia
192
What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
Monitor changes, Process and interpret sensory input, and dictates a response
193
What type of nervous system do porifera have?
No neurons, only a nerve net
Why? Because they are not made of tissues, cellular level organization only.
194
What type of nervous system do flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, and annelids have?
Ganglia (nerve clusters because cephalization) and spinal cord.
Why? allows for forward, intentional movement due to sensations
195
What type of nervous system do chordates and arthropods have?
Brain and spinal cord (has cephalization)
Why? allows for advanced thought, movement, emotion....i.e. everything that makes us human
196
Animals with radial symmetry have ________ for nervous control
No center
197
Animals with bilateral symmetry have __________ for nervous control
a primitive control center (ganglia/brain)
198
199
CNS consists of _______and _______ while
PNS consists of _______and _______.
CNS- Brian and Spinal cord
PNS- cranial and spinal nerves
200
201
Which nervous cell type can divide by mitosis? Which cannot?
Neuroglia can dividing using mitosis. Ex: brain tumors grow quickly
Neurons cannot divide using mitosis. Ex: spinal cord injuries do not repair themselves
202
Neurons
CELLS that transmit neve impulses between parts of the nervous system.
Allows us to use senses, memory, and learning
203
Neuroglia
CELLS that supports and nourishes neurons.
Divide by mitosis
204
What are the three types of neurons and what do they each do?
Sensory- detects changes in environment, like a signal
Interneuron- interpret the change and make a decision to respond (found entirely in CNS)
Motor- carries out the decision actions to an effector
205
206
What are the neuroglia of the CNS?
Ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
207
Things to notice: CNS = Brain and Spinal cord
White v Gray matter (long v short distances)
4 types of cells- form and function of each
208
What are the neuroglia of the PNS?
Satellite cells and Schwann Cells
209
What are the 4 major parts of the brain?
Cerebrum- largest, higher functioning, processes smell
Diencephalon- processes/filters other senses, balance
Cerebellum- motor skills, posture
Brainstem- thousands reflex arcs: consciousness, movements, heartbeat/breathing/coughing...
210
What group of animals have neurons but no center for nervous control?
Animals with radial symmetry
211
Neurons are the cells that transmit _______ between parts of the nervous system
Nerve impulses
212
What part of the neuron is a long extension that conducts a nerve impulse toward another neuron or cell
Axon
213
_______ neurons take nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord to an effector to trigger movement
Motor
214
What neuroglia of the CNS forms the BBB to restrict pathogens but allows for O2, CO2, hormones and H2O?
Astrocytes
215
_______ form the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the CNS and ________ form the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the PNS
OLIGODENTROCYTES form the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the CNS and SCHWANNE CELLS form the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the PNS
216
What region of the brain is the outer folded portion that consists of two hemispheres that are used for high mental functions
Cerebrum
217
PNS consists of __ pairs of _____ nerves to control head, neck, and facial regions and __ pairs of ______ nerves to control the rest of the body.
12 pairs of cranial nerves...
and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
218
Part of the ear that consists of the pinna and auditory canal
Outer Ear
219
Type of general sense that are free nerve endings with large receptive field and a broad sensitivity to pain. Found everywhere throughout the body
Nociceptors
220
Type of general sense that are free nerve endings stimulated by changes in temperature
Thermoreceptor
221
Innermost layer of the eye that contains the vitreous humor and consists of rods and cones that detect light and color
Retina
222
Type of general sense that provides the sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration and triggers reflects to maintain balance
Mechanoreceptors
223
Senses that are localized in the head region and include smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium
Special senses
224
Fluid in the inner ear that consists of hair cells that bend in response to the waves caused by sound vibrations and movement
Endolymph
225
Part of the ear that consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals
Inner ear
226
Cochlea is used for _______. Semicircular canals and the vestibule are used for ________.
Cochlea is used for HEARING. Semicircular canals and the vestibule are used for BALANCE
227
Organs used by many invertebrates to sense gravity and maintain equilibrium with the use of statoliths
Statocysts
228
What do many insects use to feel sound wave vibrations in their legs
Tympanum
229
White fibrous outer layer that protects and supports the eye and forms the cornea and pupil at the front
Sclera
230
Part of the ear that consists of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and auditory tube
Middle ear
231
Provide sensory information about food and liquid and most mammals can perceive sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
Taste buds
232
Light detecting organ that focuses on objects at different distances. Allows for fine focus, color, near/far adjustments. All Vertebrates have this.
Single-lens eyes
233
Light detecting organ that detects light and dark
Ocelli
AKA: simple eyes or eyespots
234
Thin middle muscular coat of the eye that has an extensive blood supply and forms the iris at the front
Choroid
235
The iris is composed of ________ that regulates the size of the pupil
smooth muscle-involuntary reaction
236
Type of general sense that transmits information about overall solute concentrations and are used with the sense of taste and smell. This receptor type helps maintain homeostasis
Chemoreceptors
237
Sensory neurons that contain receptors for odor molecules
Olfactory cells
238
Light detecting organ that is very effective at detecting movement and offers a very wide field of view. Common with insects in order to perceive movement.
Compound eyes
239
Specialized cells or cell processes that monitor conditions inside or outside the body
Sensory receptors
240
Senses that are sensitive to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception (joint angle, muscle length, and tension)
General Senses
241
What are the four types of general sensory receptors?
Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, and Nociceptors
242
Sense of smell and taste use ______ receptors
Chemoreceptors
243
What part of the brain received sound
Temporal lobe
244
245
What are the three bones in the middle ear, distal to proximal?
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
246
Vestibular nerve takes nerve signals to the ______ and _______.
Brainstem and cerebellum
247
Contain in the vestibule is the _______ and ______.
________ is sensitive to horizontal movements (back and forth) while ______ is sensitive to vertical movements (up and down)
Utricle - horizontal
Saccule- Vertical
248
Simple eyes, or eyespots, can only measure _________
Intensity of light or dark. Ex: planarians
249
Where are each senses processed in the brain?
Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Vision-occipital
Hearing-Temporal
Smell-Frontal (unfiltered)
Taste- Parietal
250
What is the only sense that is not filtered through the diencephalon?
Smell. Smell is unfiltered and processed in the frontal lobe. This is why memories are associated with smells
251
What type of signal is sent to the brain by the vibration of hair cells within the cochlea?
Electrical signals
