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ANATOMY MST2 > Lecture: Thoracic Walls and Diaphragm > Flashcards

Lecture: Thoracic Walls and Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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2
Q

Which ribs are the true ribs and why are they called this?

A

Ribs 1-7, because they articulate with the sternum. (Their costal cartilages do)

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3
Q

Which ribs are the false ribs? why are they called this?

A

Ribs 8-10, as they do not articulate with the sternum but articulate with their superior rib, with their costal cartilages

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4
Q

What is different about ribs 11 and 12?

A

They do not articulate with anything at all, they are called “floating” ribs

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5
Q

What does the manubrium articulate with?

A

The clavicle

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6
Q

Which part of the ribs articulate with the sternum?

A

Their costal cartilages, not the actual rib

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7
Q

What are the “typical” ribs?

A

Ribs 3-9.

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8
Q

What are the features of a typical rib?

A
  • Two ends: sternal and vertebral
  • head
  • neck
  • tubercle
  • body
  • costal groove
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9
Q

Which end of the rib has the costal cartilage?

A

The sternal end; connecting to the sternum!

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10
Q

What is a tubercle on a rib for?

A

They are either for articulation probably for a joint, OR they are non-articulate and are points of attachment for muscles

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11
Q

Describe the body of a rib

A

Body of the rib is the curvy part; it has a costal groove (mini projection), that is a passageway for neurovascular bundles

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12
Q

What are the features of a typical thoracic vertebra?

A
  • have a longer and more vertical spinous process
  • have superior and inferior costal facets for rib attachment
  • have transverse processes that also articulate with ribs
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13
Q

What are the joints of the thoracic walls?

A
  1. Costovertebral joint

2. Costotransverse joint

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14
Q

Describe the joints of the thoracic walls/vertebrae

A

Costovertebral: where the SCF and ICF + head of rib joints. i.e. Rib 7 articulates with ICF of 6, SCF of 7

Costotransverse: where tubercle of costo (rib) articulates wiht transverse process of vertebrae

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15
Q

What is an aperture?

A

It is an opening

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16
Q

Describe the thoracic cage features

A

The thoracic cage has two apertures; the top and bottom. The top is much smaller but is closed off by a subpleural membrane

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17
Q

Describe the boundary of the superior aperture

A

1st rib and costal cartilage, superior boarder of manubrium and T1 vertebra

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18
Q

Describe the boundary of the inferior aperture

A

the xiphoid process and costal margin, 11-12th pairs of ribs and the T12 vertebra

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19
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

The chief muscle of inspiration!

20
Q

What surrounds the costovertebral joint?

A

Radiate ligament- very strong

21
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

It is the joint between the smooth part of the rib tubercle and the transverse process of the vertebra

22
Q

What ligament supports the costotransverse joint?

A

lateral costotransverse ligament between the transverse process and the rough part of the rib tubercle

23
Q

Is the inferior aperture closed or open?

A

It is open BUT closed off by the diaphragm

24
Q

Describe how the diaphragm sits in our thoracic cage

A

has muscle fibre connections into the inferior aperture and inserts into the centre at the central tendon

25
Q

What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A
  1. Xiphoid process
  2. 11th and 12th rib
  3. Arcuate ligaments
  4. Costal margin
  5. Crus
26
Q

describe the structure of the diaphragm

A

The diaphragm is two domes: left and right. the right dome sits slightly higher than the left because the liver pushes it up.

27
Q

What is the difference between the left and right crus?

A

The right crus has a longer attachment because the liver pushes it upwards

28
Q

Where are the attachment points of the left and right crus?

A

Left: L1-L2
Right: L1-L3 (longer)

29
Q

What are hiatus’

A

they are holes in the diaphragm that allow for a pathway for structures running through the thorax

30
Q

Name the hiatus’ in the diaphragm

A
  1. Vena caval hiatus
  2. oesophageal hiatus
  3. Aortic hiatus
31
Q

What is the difference between the aortic hiatus and the other hiatus’ of the diaphragm and why?

A

the aortic hiatus is not actually a true hiatus. this is because it actually runs behind the diaphragm and between the crus. it does NOT run through it because in times of inspiration, the diaphragm may cut the circulation of the aorta

32
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

it pulls the central tendon downwards, relieving pressure and increasing volume in the ribcage.

33
Q

Where does the diaphragm get its nerve innervation from?

A

the phrenic nerves; left and right. they originate from C3-C5 spinal nerves

34
Q

Where does the diaphragm get its sensory innervation from?

A

Partly through the phrenic nerve, partly through the intercostal and subcostal nerves

35
Q

How many layers does the intercostal muscle have and what are they called?

A

3 layers: External, internal and innermost

36
Q

Describe the external intercostal muscle layer

A

“hand in pocket” layer. replaced anteriorly by external intercostal membrane. Pulls the diaphragm up and out, thereby increasing thoracic volume, so is most important for inspiration

37
Q

Describe the internal intercostal muscle layer

A

fibres run in the opposite direction to the external layer. posteriorly replaced by internal intercostal membrane. involves in EXPIRATION because they pull the rib down and inwards

38
Q

Describe the innermost intercostal muscle layer

A

not continuous the whole way around; patchy

39
Q

What and where is the neuromuscular bundle found?

A

It is found between the innermost and internal intercostal muscles at the inferior border of the costal groove

40
Q

What is the order of the neuromuscular bundle?

A

From top to bottom: V A N; vein, artery, nerves

41
Q

What are intercostal nerves?

A

they are part of the somatic nervous system, and arise from the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. ANTERIOR!!!

42
Q

Where do intercostal nerves arise from?

A

THE ANTERIOR RAMI OF THE THORACIC SPINAL NERVES!!!

43
Q

Where do intercostal arteries/veins arise from?

A

posterior intercostal arteries arise from the aorta, anterior arise from internal thoracic arteries. they end up anastomosing later on anyway

44
Q

What is special about intercostal arteries?

A

They are all paired with a corresponding vein

45
Q

What are the possible movements of the thorax?

A
  • Vertical dimensions for easier breathing
  • Front and back dimensions
  • Lateral dimensions
46
Q

How are front and back dimensions of the thorax moved?

A

By the 1st-7th ribs because they attach to the sternum, so can push it forwards; pump-handle movement

47
Q

How are the lateral dimensions of the thorax moved?

A

By the 8th-10th ribs because they don’t directly articulate with the sternum so pushes it out laterally; bucket handle movement.

ANATOMY MST2 (15 decks)

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