Lectures 18 & 19 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: an?
A
a, an
2
Q
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: the?
A
[ðǝ], [ði]
3
Q
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: knife?
A
knife, knive-
4
Q
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: in-?
A
[ɪr], [ɪl], [ɪn], [ɪm], [ɪŋ] …
5
Q
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: house?
A
haʊs] [haʊz]
6
Q
what type of system is morphology?
A
a Discrete Combinatorial System
7
Q
what are the parts of morphology?
A
morphemes
8
Q
what are the rules of morphology?
A
systematically build larger, complex parts
9
Q
what type of structure does morphology have?
A
Hierarchical structure.
10
Q
what are the basic parts of syntax?
A
morphemes and words
11
Q
what are the complex parts of syntax?
A
phrases and sentences
12
Q
what are the rules of syntax?
A
systematically build larger, complex parts
13
Q
what is the structure of syntax?
A
Hierarchical structure
14
Q
what are examples of prescriptive rules?
A
- Don’t end a sentence with a preposition!
- Don’t split infinitives!
15
Q
the extent to which a sentence conforms to the rules of a language’s grammar
A
Grammaticality
16
Q
Syntax deals primarily with ________
A
words
17
Q
Words are grouped into _________.
A
phrases
18
Q
a group of words that functions as a
unit in syntax
A
phrase
19
Q
what are Noun Phrases?
A
a group of words functioning as a single noun, often including a noun and its modifiers like adjectives or articles; ex: [The big cat] is making a mess.
20
Q
True or False: Phrases can be any size
A
TRUE
21
Q
examples of Morphological heads: N+Adj
A
jet-black
22
Q
examples of Morphological heads: V+N
A
rattlesnake
23
Q
examples of Morphological heads: Adj+N
A
highschool
24
Q
examples of Morphological heads: P+N
A
outhouse
25
examples of Morphological heads: P+Adj
overripe
26
examples of Morphological heads: P+V
overthrow
27
They are all based on a single word that defines what
the phrase is “about”. What is this word called?
HEAD of phrases
28
The __________ determines the properties of a phrase
head
29
True of False: All lexical categories can be heads of phrases
TRUE
30
Trees have _________ based on words that belong closely together
subtrees
31
The (main) subtrees form
____________
constituents
32
are other primates
able to learn this structure trees for syntax?
NO
33
what are the constituency tests that are used to identify constituents?
* Replacement (by proforms)
* Replacement (by question words)
* Stand alone
* Move as a unit
* Coordination
34
What are constituents?
a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a sentence's structure, often forming phrases like noun phrases or verb phrases
35
Constituents can often be replaced by a single element
(of the right type)
replacement (proforms)
36
In replacement test: NPs can be replaced by ____________.
pronouns
37
" The cat in the hat likes cookies. " --> "he likes cookies". what is the constituent that was replaced?
"the cat in the hat"
38
"That cat made a terrible mess!" --> "This cat did so too". what is the verb phrase(VP) that was replaced?
"made a mess" is a VP
39
a word or expression that substitutes for another word, phrase, clause, or even an entire sentence, whose meaning is recoverable from the context; ex: pronouns ("he," "she," "it") or proverbs ("do" or "do so").
proforms
40
"the cat sat on the mat" --> "the cat sat there". what is the PP that was replaced?
"on the mat" is a PP
41
"we ate at noon " --> "we ate then". what is the PP that was replaced?
at noon
42
what is a PP?
prepositional phrase, is a phrase headed by a preposition, typically followed by a noun phrase, and functions as an adjective or adverb, providing information about place, time, manner, or other aspects of the sentence
43
what is a VP?
Verb Phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit consisting of a verb and its arguments, excluding the subject of an independent or coordinate clause
44
what is a NP?
Noun Phrase, a phrase that functions as a noun and typically includes a noun or pronoun as its head, along with optional modifiers like determiners and adjectives.
45
Constituents can often be replaced by a wh-word (of the right type)
Replacement (wh-words)
46
"The girl performed an experiment in the lab
at noon." --> "Who performed an experiment in the lab at noon?" What type of phrase was replaced by "who"?
NP (noun phrase)
47
"The girl performed an experiment in the lab
at noon." --> "What did the girl perform in the lab at
noon?". What type of phrase was replaced by "what"?
NP (noun phrase)
48
"The girl performed an experiment in the lab
at noon." --> "What did the girl do?" What type of phrase was replaced by "what...do"?
VP (verb phrase)
49
true or false: NPs can be replaced by pronouns
TRUE
50
true or false: VPs do not have proforms
FALSE; VPs have proforms
51
true or false: Some PPs can be replaced by there
True
52
true or false: Some PPs can be replaced by then
True
53
true or false: NPs can be replaced by what or who
TRUE
54
true or false: VPs can be replaced by what … do
TRUE
55
true or false: PPs can often be replaced by when or where
TRUE
56
can a constituent stand alone?
YES
57
true or false: You can replace a constituent X with another
constituent X and X
TRUE; ex: The student ate
[the pizza] and [the egg rolls]. --> The student [ate the pizza] and [left the
egg roles]
58
Constituents can be moved within a sentence
move as a unit
59
what are two types of moving as a unit?
clefting, and topicalization.
60
What is clefting?
a sentence structure that emphasizes a specific part of a sentence by splitting it into two clauses, typically using "it is/was" or "what".
61
what is topicalization?
the process of emphasizing or highlighting a particular sentence element (like a noun phrase) by placing it at the beginning of the sentence, effectively making it the topic or focus.
62
what are the steps in forming trees?
- identify lexical categories
- identify constituents
- identify syntactic roles
63
what is the head of the subject "the boy"?
the head of the boy is a noun.
64
since the the head of "the boy" is a noun, what is the entire phrase?
NP (noun phrase)
65
in the sentence "the boy ate the pizza", what is the object of the verb?
the pizza
66
Look at "ate the pizza" what does this consist of?
a verb and its object
67
Look at "ate the pizza" what is the head of the phrase?
verb
68
Look at "ate the pizza" what is the whole phrase?
verb phrase (VP)
69
mother =
directly higher node
70
daughter =
directly lower node
71
sister =
shares the same mother
72
NP → Det N
“an NP can be rewritten by a determiner followed by a noun.”
73
what are these an example of?
S → NP VP
* NP → Det N
* NP → Det N PP
* PP → P NP
* VP → V NP
* VP → V PP
* VP → V
* VP → V CP
phrase structure rules for English
74
Each phrase consists of a _________ and a ________________.
head, complement
75
A ________________ is a kind of argument
complement
76
Transitive verbs (e.g., eat, see, like), and prepositions
take ______________ as complements
NP (object) arguments
77
Intransitive verbs (e.g., live) can take _____________.
PP arguments
78
Some ________ can even take a sentence as their
complement
verbs
79
the word "________" — it takes the sentence and
allows it to be a complement
that
80
complementizer =
C
81
what is the head of a CP?
complementizer (C)
82
CP
Complementizer Phrase, the highest constituent of a sentence, often containing a complementizer (like "that," "if," or "whether") and a subordinate clause
