Lesson #1 Flashcards by Nicole Eirylle Navarro

Q

process of collecting blood through vein by using incision or puncture method

A

Phlebotomy

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Q

Phlebotomy is derived from 2 greek words

A

phlebos - vein
temnein - to cut

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Q

Phlebotomy is aka?

A

venesection

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Q

venesection comes from 2 latin words:

A

vena - vein
sectio - cutting

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Q

Evolution of Phlebotomy

crude tools was used to cut vessels and drain blood from the body

A

Stone age

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Q

Evolution of Phlebotomy

Ancient Egyptians also practiced phlebotomy as form of “bloodletting”

A

1400 BC

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Q

Evolution of Phlebotomy

According to this person, a person’s health depends on the balance of the 4 humors

A

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

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Q

What are the 4 humors?

A

Earth - blood and brain
Air - phlegm and lungs
Water - yellow bile and bladder
Fire - back bile and spleen

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Q

According to Hippocrates, the removal of excess humor through ___ must be removed to keep the balance

A

bloodletting

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Q

Evolution of Phlebotomy

Bloodletting was performed by barber surgeons as part of treatment for some illnesses

A

Middle Age

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Q

Evolution of Phlebotomy

Phelobotomy was treated as a major theraphy

A

17th and 18th century

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Q

alternative medicine
Application of special heated suction cups on the patient’s skin
Incision using a fleam or lancet

A

Cupping

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Q

Uses leeches for bloodletting used for microsurgical replantation

A

Leeching (hirudotheraphy)

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Q

_______ - medicinal leech
_______ - anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting

A

Hirudo medicinalis; Hirudin

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Q

3 Main Goals of Phlebotomy?

A

For DIAGNOSIS and treatment using blood samples
For TRANSFUSION, to remove blood from the donor, and
For REMOVAL of blood for polycythemia or therapeutic purposes

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Q

2 MAIN METHODS OF PHLEBOTOMY AND HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?

A

VENIPUNCTURE - Method of collection of blood through the vein using a needle
CAPILLARY PUNCTURE - Blood is collected by puncturing the skin using a lancet

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Q

TRUE OR FALSE

phlebotomists also perform front-office duties, current procedural terminology coding, and paperwork

A

true

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Q

ability to use hands to perform different task in a timely manner

A

good manual dexterity

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Q

What quality of professionalism is this?

conservative clothing
observe proper personal hygiene

A

Professional Appearance

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Q

What quality of professionalism is this?

decisions and judgements to patients and fellow co-workers

A

self confidence

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Q

What quality of professionalism is this?

is a personal feeling of “wholeness” derived from honesty and consistency of character

A

integrity

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Q

What quality of professionalism is this?

means being sensitive to a person’s needs and willing to offer reassurance in a caring and humane way

A

compassion

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Q

What quality of professionalism is this?

takes initiative to follow through on tasks
consistently strives to improve and correct behavior
makes every effort to provide excellence in all aspects of patient care

A

self-motivation

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Q

What quality of professionalism is this?

observe proper work ethic
take personal responsibility for their actions

A

dependability

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What quality of professionalism is this? - Is a system of moral principles or standards that govern conduct and the distinction between right and wrong - Code of ethics - PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: to safeguard the patient’s welfare To avoid harming the patient in any way

ethical behavior

3 levels of healthcare

PRIMARY - health units in rural areas and sub-units SECONDARY - non-departmentalized hospitals TERTIARY- medical centers and large hospitals ( complex procedure being performed)

Principle source of healthcare services for most people

outpatient/ ambulatory

They key resource and center of the Philippine healthcare system

inpatient

Offer routine care in physician’s office to specialized care in a freestanding ambulatory setting

outpatient/ ambulatory

Offer specialized instrumentation and technology to assist in unusual diagnoses and treatments

inpatient

Serve primary care physicians who assume ongoing responsibility for maintaining patients health

outpatient/ ambulatory

Serve tertiary care (highly complex services and therapy) practitioners. Usually requires that patients stay overnight or longer

inpatient

Serve secondary care physicians (specialists) who perform routine surgery, emergency treatments. Therapeutic radiology, etc in same-day service centers

outpatient/ ambulatory

Examples are acute care hospitals, nursing homes, extended care facilities, hospices, and rehabilitation centers

inpatient

Medical care given to patients requiring care of followup check ups after their discharge from the hospital

ambulatory care

Done in a patient’s home or in a long-term facility

homebound care

Unit at the local level but are still under the jurisdiction of the health department of the government

public health services

- With permanent inpatient beds - 24-hour nursing service - Managed by organized medical team - 2 major divisions: Clinical analysis area & Anatomical and Surgical Pathology area

hospital

DIFFERENT CLINICAL ANALYSIS AREAS OF THE LABORATORY AND THE TYPES OF LABORATORY PROCEDURES PERFORMED Clinical Chemistry Immunohematology Medical Microbiology Immunology and Serology Hematology Coagulation Clinical Microscopy

clinical pathology

DIFFERENT CLINICAL ANALYSIS AREAS OF THE LABORATORY AND THE TYPES OF LABORATORY PROCEDURES PERFORMED Histopathology Immunohistopathology Cystology Autopsy Forensic Pathology

Anatomic Pathology

Concerned with the diagnosis of diseases through microscopic examination of tissues and organs

Anatomic Pathology

This section is intended for the testing of blood and other body fluids to quantify essential soluble CHEMICALS including products useful for the diagnosis of certain diseases

Clinical Chemistry

analyzes serum and plasma for chemical constituents to evaluate general health and disorders of body systems and organs

Clinical Chemistry

this test is for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Glycosylated Hemoglobin

this test is used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases

total cholesterol

elevated levels of this indicate kidney disorders or gout

Blood Uric Acid

Amount of urea nitrogen found in blood which could determine impaired renal function

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Check for cases that indicate renal impairment or muscular dystrophy

Creatinine

Elevated levels of this indicate liver disorders

Aspartate aminotransferase

Elevated levels of this indicate BONE or LIVER disorders

Alkaline Phosphatase

Elevated levels of this indicate liver or hemolytic disorders

Bilirubin

Elevated levels indicate early liver disorders

Gamma-glutamyltransferase

Elevated levels indicate myocardial infarction or lung or liver disorders

Lactic Dehydrogenase

Elevated level indicate pancreatitis

Amylase and Lipase

Evaluate body fluid balance

electrolytes

Levels of the BNP hormone in the blood which could indicate congestive heart failure

B-type natriuretic Peptide (BNP) test

Monitors therapeutic range to avoid toxic levels for drugs

Drug Analysis

used to check liver and kidney disorders

Total Protein

used for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

Troponin I

Microbiology is subdividd into 4 sections:

Bacteriology, Mycobacteriology, Mycology, and virology

This clinical area is focused on the identification of bacteria and fungi on specimens received

Microbiology

it detects microbial infection and determines antibiotic treatment

culture and sensitivity

detects bacteria and fungi in blood

blood culture

detects the presence of and determines the type of fungi

Fungal culture

Detects the presence of and aids in the identification of bacteria

Gram Stain

ability of blood to form and dissolve clots

coagulation

the clinical area that identifies the amount of certain chemicsls in a blood sample

Chemistry

this clinical area tests urine specimen

urinalysis

this facility is usually located near the emergency room of some tertiary-care faciities so that procedures and tests can be done **immediately** when needed.

Stat Labs

a large and independent laboratory that provides specialized and **confirmatory lab tests** for blood, urine, and tissues, and offers as well **faster** turnaround or processing time

Reference Laboratory

this section deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood and other body fluids

Hematology and Coagulation Studies

focus on blood testing for the determination of various coagulation factors

Coagulation studies

what is the most common body fluid analyzed in Hematology and Coagulation studies?

whole blood

whole blood uses what collection tubes?

lavender

in whole blood, the liquid portion is _____ if it is obtained from a sample that has been ______

plasma; anticoagulated

in whole blood, if the sample is allowed to clot, the liquid portion is?

serum

the most common type of test performed in the hmatology section

complete blood count

the overall process of hemostasis is evaluated in this section

coagulation section

the clinical microscopy comprise 2 areas:

urine analysis and examination of stool/ routine fecalysis

the routine screening procedure to detect disorders and infection of the kidney

urinalysis

elevated levels of _____ indicates kidney disorders

protein

elevated levels of _____ indicate diabetes mellitus

glucose

elevated levels of _____ indicate liver disorders

bilirubin

elevated levels of _____ indicate bacterial infection

nitrite

it indicates UTI if there is a lot of neutrophils

Leukocyte estarase

measures the concentration of urine

specific gravity

Blood typing and compatibility testingare the two main activities performed in this section.

Immunohematology/ Blood Banking

Screening for all ANTIBODIES andidentication of antibodies as well asblood components used for transfusionare also conducted in this section

Immunohematology/ Blood Banking

this section performs tests to evaluate the body's immune response; that is, theproduction of antibodies and cellularactivation

immunology/ serology

in immunology, blood for this section is collected with ___

red stoppers

this lab is usually located near the emergency room of some tertiary care facilities

Stat laboratory