lesson 2

Question 1

logical opposition

what is the logical opposite of hot

Answer 1

not hot = everything that is not hot

|———————————–|
cold. hot
* includes cold , cool, warm ,tepid , kind of hot , mostly hot

Question 2

the logical opposite of tall is

Answer 2

not tall

Question 3

logical opposite of a lepton is

Answer 3

not a lepton

Question 4

what is the logical opposite of ALL

Answer 4

not all

Question 5

What is the logical opposite of none

Answer 5

not none= some = at least one

Question 6

what is the logical opposite of some

Answer 6

none

Question 7

what does ALL mean

Answer 7

equals 100

Question 8

What does NOT ALL mean

Answer 8

0 to 99 (everything but All)

NOT 100

Question 9

what does SOME mean

Answer 9

1 to 100 (evrerything but none)

not 0

Question 10

what does NONE mean

Answer 10

0

Question 11

what is the logical opposite of always

Answer 11

not always

Question 12

what is the logical opposite of sometimes

Answer 12

never

Question 13

what is the logical opposite of somewhere

Answer 13

nowhere

Question 14

what is the logical opposite everywhere

Answer 14

not everywhere

Question 15

what is the opposite logical of must be true

Answer 15

Not nec True

Question 16

what is the logical opposite of could be true

Answer 16

cannot be true

Question 17

in weaken questions the answer would have

Answer 17

1 correct answer that weakens the questions and 4 incorrect answers not weaken (strengthen or do nothing)

Question 18

what is the logical opposite of faster

Answer 18

not faster
(means slower or the same)

review dinaxil example

Question 19

correct answers and incorrect answers are always logical opposites of each other

Question 20

cannot be false is equivalent to

Answer 20

must be true

Question 21

could be false is equivalent to

Answer 21

not necessary true

Question 22

not nec false is equivalent to

Answer 22

could be true

Question 23

must be false is equivalent to

Answer 23

cannot be true

Question 24

when you see EXCEPT questions in the question stem
Example: each of the following are not necessarily true EXCEPT

Answer 24

the incorrect answers are going to be what the question stem asks
4 incorrect answers - not necessarily true
1 correct answer - must be true

*the logical opposite of the incorrect answers (not necessarily true) is must be true

Question 25

which of the following must be false ? *when you see a false question make it to a truth equivalent (look and study chart) read it horizontal

Answer 25

must be false make it to truth is cannot be true 1 correct answer - cannot be true 4 incorrect answers are opposite logical of each other which would be could be true

Question 26

whenever you see a false question stem make it to

Answer 26

a true

Question 27

conditional resoning is

Answer 27

is a relationship between a sufficient and a neccesary condition sufficient condition is an event or circumtance whose occourence indicates a necessary condition must occur *necessary condition is an event or circumtance is required in order for sufficient to occur sufficient: enough (enough) necessary: required (independent)

Question 28

each of the following CANNOT be false except

Answer 28

cannot be false is equivalent to must be true what is the logical opposition of must be true not nec true 1 incorrect answer choices must be true | see chart

Question 29

must be true is always going to be pair with not necessarily true | logical opposition

Answer 29

could be true is always going to be pair with cannot be true | logical opposition

Question 30

if sufficient condition occurs then

Answer 30

we have a necessary condition

Question 31

if necessary occurs then

Answer 31

it is possible that sufficient condition will occur but not certain

Question 32

conditional statements have

Answer 32

"if" and "then" statements

Question 33

conditional reasoning "if then" statement example if you get an A+ , then you must have studied what is sufficient (triggers, enough) and what is necessary (independent , required)

Answer 33

Sufficient :A+ Necessary: study A+ -----> STUDY

Question 34

in the sufficient part of the equation we have the word...

Answer 34

"if"

Question 35

the word "then" makes it a

Answer 35

necessary condition

Question 36

how to diagram conditional reasoning

Answer 36

(enough) (triggers) sufficient ----> necessary (independent) (required) no matter how they put it on the stimulus

Question 37

based on the example : if you get an A+ , then you must have studied SUFFICIENT(enough) NECESSARY (required) A+----------------------> STUDY question: My friend Bob studied .Does that guaratee that BOB got a A+?

Answer 37

no becuase getting a A+ is enough to show that you study sufficient----> necessary (required) *read arrows from left to right if you land a necessary (study) we can't conclude he got an A+ if we said that bob got an A+ then that activates and we can conclude that he must study we can prove that

Question 38

how to do contrapositive take the original rule reverse and negate

Answer 38

original: sufficient --->necessary A+------->STUDY NOT STUDY-------> NOT A+

Question 39

SUFFICIENT INDICATORS

Answer 39

IF, WHEN, WHENEVER,EVERY, ALL, ANY , PEOPLE WHO, IN ORDER TO | PEOPLE. PLACES, TIMES

Question 40

NECESSARY CONDITION INDICATORS

Answer 40

THEN, ONLY, ONLY IF , MUST ,REQUIRED, UNLESS, EXCEPT, UNTIL, WITHOUT | DEMANDING WORDS

Question 41

IF

Answer 41

SUFFICIENT

Question 42

WHEN

Answer 42

SUFFICIENT

Question 43

WHENEVER

Answer 43

SUFFICIENT

Question 44

EVERY

Answer 44

SUFFICIENT

Question 45

ALL

Answer 45

SUFFICIENT

Question 46

ANY

Answer 46

SUFFICIENT

Question 47

PEOPLE WHO

Answer 47

SUFFICIENT

Question 48

IN ORDER TO

Answer 48

SUFFICIENT

Question 49

THEN

Answer 49

NECESSARY

Question 50

ONLY , ONLY IF

Answer 50

NECESSARY

Question 51

MUST, REQUIRED

Answer 51

NECESSARY

Question 52

UNLESS , EXCEPT

Answer 52

NECESSARY

Question 53

UNTIL

Answer 53

NECESSARY

Question 54

WITHOUT

Answer 54

NECESSARY

Question 55

if **only if ** is there it becomes necessary

Answer 55

necessary

Question 56

when you see the word only in front of a sufficient indicator the word only takes over

Answer 56

only when only people who

Question 57

NEITHER NOR MEANS

Answer 57

NOT ONE AND THE OTHER

Question 58

UNLESS, EXEPT,UNTIL, WIHTOUT *SPECIAL NECESARY INDICATOR WORDS

Answer 58

we treat them as (-) WORDS THERE IS A TWO STEP PROCESS WE TREAT THIS WORDS ARE NECESSARY INDICATOR WORDS -WHATEVER TERM IS MODIFY BY THESE NECESSARY INDICATOR WORDS BECOMES THE NECESSARY CONDITION CLASS EXAMPLE: UNLESS A PERSON STUDIES , HE OR SHE WILL NOT RECEIVE AN A+ (GET RID OF THE NEGATIVE NOT ) A+ BECOMES SUFFICIENT 2. THE REMAINING TERM IS NEGATED AND BECOMES THE SUFFICIENT CONDITION SUFFICIENT NECESSARY A+ —----> STUDY

Question 59

WHAT IS BIOCONDITIONALS

Answer 59

YOU CAN DETERMINE IF YOU SEE IF AND ONLY IF *IT GIVES US TWO CONDITIONAL RULES INTO ONE

Question 60

FOR READING COMPREHENTION TREAT IT AS A MUST BE TRUE QUESTIONS

Answer 60

WHICH IS STRONGLY SUPPORTED

Question 61

WHAT IS SUFFICIENT CONDITION

Answer 61

something that sends a signal, i.e. an indication that a necessary condition must occur.

Question 62

WHAT IS A NECESSARY CONDITION

Answer 62

the necessary condition is required by the sufficient condition

Question 63

EITHER MEANS

Answer 63

OR

Question 64

how to approach the word "the only"

Answer 64

" the only" can be approached as a sufficient indicator word

Question 65

"the only" example and diagram The only people who like parties are extroverts.

Answer 65

People who like parties-------> Extroverts

Question 66

how to approach **No **in the beginning of a sentence ex: No electrictian is an architect

Answer 66

No in the beginning of a sentence is different than "not" when you see no in the beggining of the setence it modifies the necessary condition “No electrician is an architect,” you mean that no person in the group of electricians has the characteristic of being an architect

Question 67

necessary indicator words

Answer 67

are demanding

Question 68

sufficient indicator words

Answer 68

are people, places, times

Question 69

when you see **in order to **it usually means

Answer 69

a sufficient condition

Question 70

the word "when" is a

Answer 70

sufficient indicator

Question 71

the word "if" is

Answer 71

a sufficient indicator

Question 72

"none but" = only

Answer 72

only *only is a necessary term

Question 73

example: none but the proud is arrogant which is he sufficient and the necessary

Answer 73

none but = only (necessary indicator) sufficient necessary Arrogant ----> Proud

Question 74

"only if" is

Answer 74

necessary condition

Question 75

Any is

Answer 75

sufficient indicator word

Question 76

either/or

Answer 76

at least one of the two, possibly both

Question 77

"than either"

Answer 77

either tranlates for both example : Akio is taller than either of the other two boys on the team. This statement means that Akio is individually the tallest of the three.

Question 78

AND TURNS TO OR WHEN WE HAVE MULTIPLES SUFFICIENT AND NECESSARY CONDITIONS

Answer 78

WHEN WE SEE OR , OR TURNS TO AND

Question 79

if you see if and only if *and connects the ifs which creates 2 seperate conditional statements

Answer 79

1. “A if B” B----> A and 2. “A only if B”. A------->B A<----------> B when we have a double arrow either they occur together or both do not occur. one term can't attend without the other

Question 80

“if” introduces a sufficient condition

Answer 80

A IF B Sufficient Necessary B------------------> A

Question 81

double arrow introduce

Answer 81

if the phrase "if and only if" or "if but only if" - vise versa (if A attends then B attends and vice versa) -repeating and reversing terms (if A attends then B attends and if B attends then A attends)