LESSON 4 PDF

Question 1

This also focuses on building evidence regarding how to teach and what to teach so as to effectively reach different populations with messages that are pertinent to public health.

Answer 1

Public health education and promotion

Question 2

Professionals in public health education and health promotion are responsible for coordinating population-based health education and promotion interventions and programs using ____.

Answer 2

evidence-based approaches

Question 3

Provide a guidance and direct assistance through planning, implementation, and evaluation of population-based health education and promotion interventions
these are:

Answer 3

public health experts and specialists

Question 4

This, as a behavioral social science, is a combination of the biological, environmental, psychological, physical, and medical sciences.

Answer 4

Health promotion

Question 5

The goal of health promotion is to ____ through education-driven behaviors and related activities.

Answer 5

promote health and prevent disease, disability, and premature death

Question 6

Communities and populations, through______, are able to improve their knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors.

Answer 6

positive health promotion strategies

Question 7

This is focused on helping groups of people, whether they are a small community group or a large population of people.

Answer 7

Public health education

Question 8

The work of public health educators is accomplished through the ____ that are designed to promote healthy environments, habits, and behaviors.

Answer 8

development and implementation of educational campaigns and programs

Question 9

Public health educators working for health insurers and private companies may provide counseling, programs, or education services related to:

Answer 9

Hypertension
Nutrition
Physical fitness
Smoking cessation
Stress management
Substance abuse prevention
Weight control

Question 10

They may help companies meet occupational health and safety regulations and identify community health resources for employces. In community organizations and government agencies, they are called upon to identify a community’s needs and mobilize strategies and resources for improving the health status of the community.

Answer 10

public health educators

Question 11

This is about providing health information and knowledge to individuals and communities and providing skills to enable individuals to adopt healthy behaviors voluntarily. It is a combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes,

Answer 11

Health education

Question 12

This takes a more comprehensive approach to promoting health by involving various players and focusing on multisectoral approaches.

Answer 12

health promotion

Question 13

The concept of the “____”, as identified in the Lalonde report, is considered to be composed of four interdependent fields determined to influence individual’s health.

Answer 13

health field

Question 14

This requires focused effort by multiple sectors, and it helps to have an organizing model.

Answer 14

Community health improvement

Question 15

Who developed the
Community Health Impact Model

Answer 15

Community Health Solutions

Question 16

The____ is based on a core principle that community health improvement works best when multiple sectors collaborate for collective impact on individual and community health. The model begins with community health needs assessment and selection of objectives for creating a healthy community.

Answer 16

Community Health Impact Model

Question 17

This may be developed to address various dimensions of environmental and social factors, health promotion and prevention, and clinical care. All initiatives are evaluated for their impact on individual and community health.

Answer 17

Community health initiatives

Question 18

The ____ is a cost-benefit evaluation framework proposed in 1974 by Lawrence W. Green that can help health program planners, policy makers and other evaluators, analyze situations and design health programs efficiently.

Answer 18

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Question 19

It provides a comprehensive structure for assessing health and quality of life needs, and for designing, implementing and evaluating health promotion and other public health programs to meet those needs.

Answer 19

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Question 20

One purpose and guiding principle of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model is to:

Answer 20

direct initial attention to outcomes, rather than inputs.

Question 21

It guides planners through a process that starts with desired outcomes and then works backwards in the causal chain to identify a mix of strategies for achieving those objectives.

Answer 21

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Question 22

A fundamental assumption of the model is the active participation of its intended audience - that is, that the participants (“consumers” )will take an active part in defining their own problems establishing their goals and developing their solutions.

Answer 22

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Question 23

The first stage in the program planning phase deals with identifying and evaluating the
social problems that affect the quality of life of a population of interest.

Answer 23

PHASE I - SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS

Question 24

This is the “application, through broad participation, of multiple sources of information, both objective and subjective, designed to expand the mutual understanding of people regarding their aspirations for the common good”.

Answer 24

Social assessment

Question 25

During this stage, the program planners try to gain an understanding of the social problems that affect the quality of life of the community and its members, their strengths, weaknesses, and resources; and their readiness to change. This is done through various activities such as developing a planning committee, holding community forums, and conducting focus groups, surveys, and/or interviews.

Answer 25

Phase 1 - Social Diagnosis

Question 26

This deals with determining and focusing on specific health issue(s) of the community, and the behavioral and environmental factors related to prioritized health needs of the community. Based on these priorities, achievable program goals and objectives for the program being developed are established.

Answer 26

Epidemiological diagnosis

Question 27

Epidemiological assessment may include secondary data analysis or original data collection - examples of epidemiological data include:

Answer 27

vital statistics, state and national health surveys, medical and administrative records, etc.

Question 28

This is the analysis of behavioral links to the goals or problems that are identified in the social or epidemiological diagnosis.

Answer 28

Behavioral diagnosis

Question 29

This is a parallel analysis of social and physical environmental factors other than specific actions that could be linked to behaviors.

Answer 29

Environmental diagnosis

Question 30

Which phase is this? Once the behavioral and environmental factors are identified and interventions selected, planners can start to work on selecting factors that, if modified, will most likely result in behavior change, as well as sustain it.

Answer 30

PHASE 3 - EDUCATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS

Question 31

(Phase 3) These (behavioral and environmental factors) factors are classified as

Answer 31

1) predisposing 2) enabling 3) reinforcing factors.

Question 32

This phase focuses on the administrative and organizational concerns that must be addressed prior to program implementation. This includes assessment of resources, development and allocation of budgets, looking at organizational barriers, and coordination of the program with other departments, including external organizations and the community.

Answer 32

PHASE 4 - ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLICY DIAGNOSIS

Question 33

This assesses policies, resources, circumstances and prevailing organizational situations that could hinder or facilitate the development of the health program.

Answer 33

Administrative diagnosis

Question 34

This assesses the compatibility of program goals and objectives with those of the organization and its administration. This evaluates whether program goals fit into the mission statements, rules and regulations that are needed for the implementation and sustainability of the program.

Answer 34

Policy diagnosis

Question 35

This phase is used to evaluate the process by which the program is being implemented. This phase determines whether the program is being implemented according to the protocol, and determines whether the objectives of the program are being met. It also helps identify modifications that may be needed to improve the program.

Answer 35

PHASE 6 - PROCESS EVALUATION

Question 36

This phase measures the effectiveness of the program with regards to the intermediate objectives as well as the changes in predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. Often this phase is used to evaluate the performance of educators.

Answer 36

PHASE 7 - IMPACT EVALUATION

Question 37

This phase measures change in terms of overall objectives as well as changes in health and social benefits or quality of life. That is, it determines the effect of the program in the health and quality of life of the community.

Answer 37

PHASE 8 - OUTCOME EVALUATION

Question 38

The ___ is a clear statement of action for health promotion, widely used by the health promotion sector.

Answer 38

Ottawa Charter

Question 39

The Ottawa Charter came out of the first _____ held in _____, in ____.

Answer 39

International Conference on Health Promotion Ottawa, Canada November 1986

Question 40

The ____ gave health promotion a solid framework, and health promoters and identity.

Answer 40

Ottawa Charter

Question 41

Research and case studies from around the world provide convincing evidence that health promotion is ___.

Answer 41

effective

Question 42

This can develop and change lifestyles, and have an impact on the social, economie and environmental conditions that determine health.

Answer 42

Health promotion strategies

Question 43

The five strategies set out in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion are essential for success: (5)

Answer 43

build healthy public policy Create supportive environments strengthen community action develop personal skills reorient health services.

Question 44

This can be directed toward priority health conditions involving a large population and promoting multiple interventions.

Answer 44

Health promotion efforts

Question 45

(Health promotion) This ____ will work best if complemented by settings-based designs.

Answer 45

issue-based approach

Question 46

(Health promotion) The ___ can be implemented in schools, workplaces, markets, residential areas, etc to address priority health problems by taking into account the complex health determinants such as behaviors, cultural beliefs, practices, etc that operate in the places people live and work.

Answer 46

settings-based designs

Question 47

This also facilitates integration of health promotion actions into the social activities with consideration for existing local situations.

Answer 47

Settings-based design

Question 48

This aspires to establish and maintain conditions to minimize hazards to health. It consists of actions and measures that inhibit the emergence and establishment of environmental, economic, social and behavioral conditions, cultural patterns of living known to increase the risk of disease.

Answer 48

Primordial prevention

Question 49

These are often targeted at a number of priority disease - both communicable and non-communicable.

Answer 49

Health promotion measures

Question 50

'The ___ had identified certain key health issues, the improvement of which was recognized as critical to development

Answer 50

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Question 51

Although not acknowledged at the Millennium summit and not reflected in the MDGs, the last two decades saw the emergence of NCD as the major contributor to ___.

Answer 51

global disease burden and mortality

Question 52

NCDs (non-communicable diseases) are ____ by effective and feasible public health interventions that tackle major modifiable risk factors - tobacco use, improper diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol.

Answer 52

largely preventable

Question 53

____ can be prevented by eliminating common risk factors, namely poor diet, physical inactivity and smoking.

Answer 53

Eighty percent of heart diseases and stroke, 80% of diabetes and 40% of cancers

Question 54

Against this background ____ as the "the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health" is a key intervention in the control of NCDs.

Answer 54

health promotion

Question 55

Partner with community groups, organizations, and coalitions to support strategies that promote public health

Answer 55

Public health experts and specialists