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Grade 12 - SBI4U > Lesson 4.2 - Aerobic Respiration: The Details > Flashcards

Lesson 4.2 - Aerobic Respiration: The Details Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ nature of O2 drives the entire process of electron transport.

A

The electronegative nature of O2​ drives the entire process of electron transport.

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2
Q

What intermediate comes after fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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3
Q

What intermediate comes after fumarate in the citric acid cycle?

A

malate

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4
Q

The electrons in NADH form bonds as they move through the electron transport chain. Do these bond formations use or release energy?

A

These bond formations result in energy being released as the electrons form stronger and stronger bonds as they move through the electron transport chain.

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5
Q

How efficient is glycolysis at converting glucose to ATP? Are there other high-energy products of glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis is not very efficient at converting glucose to ATP: only 2.2% efficient. Other high energy products of glycolysis are two pyruvate molecules and two NADH molecules, which will continue to stages 2, 3, and 4 of aerobic respiration, and eventually convert to ATP.

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6
Q

How many FADH2 are produced from one glucose molecule in the citric acid cycle?

A

2

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7
Q

What intermediate comes after glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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8
Q

Uncoupling electron transport and the synthesis of ATP can be caused by making the inner mitochondrial membrane _____ to protons. The energy that is released during electron transport is then converted to _____ energy.

A

Uncoupling electron transport and the synthesis of ATP can be caused by making the inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to protons. The energy that is released during electron transport is then converted to thermal energy.

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9
Q

How many NADH are produced from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2

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10
Q

Harnessing the _____ energy that is present in a _____ gradient to synthesize ATP is fundamental to almost all forms of life and developed early in the evolution of life.

A

Harnessing the potential energy that is present in a proton gradient to synthesize ATP is fundamental to almost all forms of life and developed early in the evolution of life.

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11
Q

What intermediate comes after 3-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis?

A

2-phosphoglycerate

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12
Q

[At the end of the citric acid cycle,] all that remains of the original glucose molecule are the _____, which are now carried by NADH and FADH2. The electrons associated with these _____ retain a large amount of chemical energy.

A

[At the end of the citric acid cycle,] all that remains of the original glucose molecule are the hydrogens, which are now carried by NADH and FADH2​. The electrons associated with these hydrogens retain a large amount of chemical energy.

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13
Q

Chemiosmosis is the process of pumping protons across the _____ mitochondrial membrane, creating a _____ force that provides the energy used to produce _____.

A

Chemiosmosis is the process of pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton-motive force that provides the energy used to produce ATP.

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14
Q

What intermediate comes after 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in glycolysis?

A

3-phosphoglycerate

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15
Q

What is the name of the first electron shuttle in the electron transport chain?

A

Ubiquinone (UQ)

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16
Q

The combination of a _____ gradient and _____ potential (charge) gradient across the membrane produces a force known as the protom-motive force.

A

The combination of a concentration gradient and electrical potential (charge) gradient across the membrane produces a force known as the protom-motive force.

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17
Q

What is the overall chemical equation for glycolysis?

A

glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ ⇒ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+

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18
Q

How does the electron transport chain produce ATP? What is the driving force?

A

The electron transport chain facilitates the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2. The chain consists of four protein complexes: I, II, III, and IV, with increasing electronegativity along the chain. Electron flow from one complex to another is facilitated by two mobile electron shuttles. Oxygen is highly electronegative and is the driving force in the electron transport chain. It takes two electrons from cytochrome c (cyt c), causing a chain reaction with electrons being passed from molecules that are more electronegative to molecules that are less electronegative.

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19
Q

What intermediate comes after citrate in the citric acid cycle?

A

isocitrate

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20
Q

What is a force that moves protons because of a chemical gradient (often referred to as an electrochemical gradient) of protons across a membrane) known as?

A

Proton-Motive Force

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21
Q

What is the overall chemical equation for the citric acid cycle?

A

acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi + 2 H2O ⇒ 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + FADH2 + ATP + CoA

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22
Q

What is a difference in proton (H+ ion) concentration across a membrane known as?

A

Proton Gradient

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23
Q

Define Proton-Motive Force

A

A force that moves protons because of a chemical gradient (often referred to as an electrochemical gradient) of protons across a membrane).

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24
Q

What is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to form CO2​ known as?

A

Decarboxylation Reaction

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25
Q

Define Proton Gradient

A

A difference in proton (H+ ion) concentration across a membrane.

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26
Q

What intermediate comes after glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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27
Q

What important molecule is needed for oxidative phosphorylation but not needed for substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

The important molecule is needed for oxidative phosphorylation but not needed for substrate-level phosphorylation is oxygen.

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28
Q

Besides yielding a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH for each molecule of glucose that is oxidized [in glycolysis], no _____ is lost. All 6 _____ in glucose are accounted for in the two molecules of pyruvate. However, since glucose has been partially oxidized, the potential energy in two molecules of pyruvate is _____ than the potential energy in one molecule of glucose.

A

Besides yielding a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH for each molecule of glucose that is oxidized [in glycolysis], no carbon is lost. All 6 carbons in glucose are accounted for in the two molecules of pyruvate. However, since glucose has been partially oxidized, the potential energy in two molecules of pyruvate is less than the potential energy in one molecule of glucose.

29
Q

Which stages of aerobic cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria, and which stages do not?

A

The stage of aerobic cellular respiration that does not occur in the mitochondria is glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. All of the other stages of aerobic respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis—occur in the mitochondria.

30
Q

The electron transport chain extracts the potential energy in [_____ and _____] and makes it available for the synthesis of additional ATP.

A

The electron transport chain extracts the potential energy in [NADH and FADH2] and makes it available for the synthesis of additional ATP.

31
Q

What intermediate comes after succinate in the citric acid cycle?

A

fumurate

32
Q

[In glycolysis,] some of the energy [from glucose] is lost as thermal energy, but most is still stored in the two _____ molecules and two _____ molecules, which will continue through the subsequent stages of aerobic respiration.

A

[In glycolysis,] some of the energy [from glucose] is lost as thermal energy, but most is still stored in the two pyruvate molecules and two NADH molecules, which will continue through the subsequent stages of aerobic respiration.

33
Q

What intermediate comes after alpha-ketoglutarate in the citric acid cycle?

A

succinyl-CoA

34
Q

NADH, complex I, complex III, complex IV, and oxygen are arranged in order from _____ electronegativity to _____ electronegativity along the chain.

A

NADH, complex I, complex III, complex IV, and oxygen are arranged in order from lowest electronegativity to highest electronegativity along the chain.

35
Q

What is the overall chemical equation for pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2CoA ⇒ 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2

36
Q

Pyruvate oxidation converts two _____ molecules into two _____-CoA molecules, NADH, H+, and _____ waste.

A

Pyruvate oxidation converts two pyruvate molecules into two acetyl-CoA molecules, NADH, H+, and CO2 waste.

37
Q

What intermediate comes after 2-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis?

A

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

38
Q

[The citric acid cycle] consists of _____ enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

A

[The citric acid cycle] consists of eight enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

39
Q

Define Chemiosmosis

A

A process in which ATP is synthesized using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

40
Q

What intermediate comes after phosphenolpyruvate in glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

41
Q

The electron transport chain extracts the potential energy from _____ and _____ and converts it to ATP.

A

The electron transport chain extracts the potential energy from NADH and FADH2 and converts it to ATP.

42
Q

What intermediate comes after oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?

A

citrate

43
Q

_____ extracts energy from sugar molecules and produces ATP.

A

Glycolysis extracts energy from sugar molecules and produces ATP.

44
Q

What intermediate comes after malate in the citric acid cycle?

A

oxaloacetate

45
Q

Define Decarboxylation Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to form CO2.

46
Q

Do the electrons in NADH have the most or the least free energy in the electron transport chain?

A

The electrons in NADH have the most free energy in the electron transport chain.

47
Q

What is the removal of a hydrogen atom from a molecule known as?

A

Dehydrogenation

48
Q

Explain how uncoupling in brown adipose fat is used by organisms to increase survival.

A

Brown adipose fat can use uncoupling to generate thermal energy from the electron transport chain instead of generating ATP. Uncoupling produces energy to maintain body temperature in hibernating animals and in very young offspring, including human infants.

49
Q

[Glycolysis] leads to the oxidation of the 6-carbon sugar _____, producing two molecules of the 3-carbon compound _____.

A

[Glycolysis] leads to the oxidation of the 6-carbon sugar glucose, producing two molecules of the 3-carbon compound pyruvate.

50
Q

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle produce only a small amount of ATP from the energy in a glucose molecule. What form(s) is the rest of the harvestable energy that is converted to ATP in the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?

A

NADH, FADH2, ADP, and Pi

51
Q

Define Dehydrogenation

A

The removal of a hydrogen atom from a molecule.

52
Q

The electron transport chain causes a high concentration of H+ ions inside the inner membrane space in comparison to the _____. This establishes a _____ gradient (a form of potential energy).

A

The electron transport chain causes a high concentration of H+ ions inside the inner membrane space in comparison to the matrix. This establishes a proton gradient (a form of potential energy).

53
Q

What intermediate comes after succinyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle?

A

succinate

54
Q

Initially [in glycolysis], _____ ATP are consumed as glucose and fructose-6-phosphate become phosphorylated. In the energy investment phase, 2 ATP increase the free energy of the chemicals in the glycolytic pathway. However, even more free energy is released in the payoff pahse, as _____ ATP and _____ NADH molecules are synthesized.

A

Initially [in glycolysis], 2 ATP are consumed as glucose and fructose-6-phosphate become phosphorylated. In the energy investment phase, 2 ATP increase the free energy of the chemicals in the glycolytic pathway. However, even more free energy is released in the payoff pahse, as 4 ATP and 2 NADH molecules are synthesized.

55
Q

[In pyruvate oxidation,] the _____ group reacts with the sulfur atom of coenzyme A, forming the high-energy intermediate _____.

A

[In pyruvate oxidation,] the acetyl group reacts with the sulfur atom of coenzyme A, forming the high-energy intermediate acetyl-CoA.

56
Q

How many NADH are produced from one glucose molecules in pyruvate oxidation and how many are produced from one glucose molecule in the citric acid cycle?

A

2 From Pyruvate Oxidation

6 From the Citric Acid Cycle

57
Q

The _____ cycle consists of eight enzyme-catalyzed reaction. It uses acetyl-CoA to produce energy, in the form of NADH, FADH2, and ATP, and release CO2.

A

The citric acid cycle consists of eight enzyme-catalyzed reaction. It uses acetyl-CoA to produce energy, in the form of NADH, FADH2, and ATP, and release CO2​.

58
Q

The two molecules of _____ that are synthesized by glycolysis still contain approximately 75% of the energy found in one molecule of glucose.

A

The two molecules of pyruvate that are synthesized by glycolysis still contain approximately 75% of the energy found in one molecule of glucose.

59
Q

What intermediate comes after glucose in glycolysis?

A

glucose-6-phosphate

60
Q

What is the name of the second electron shuttle in the electron transport chain?

A

Cytochrome c (cyt c)

61
Q

What intermediate comes after isocitrate in the citric acid cycle?

A

alpha-ketoglutarate

62
Q

What is the primary function of the proton-motive force?

A

The primary function of the proton-motive force is the establishment of a chemical and concentration gradient of protons across the membrane. This represents a source of energy that can be harnessed to do work. Cells use the proton-motive force in the process called chemiosmosis, which synthesizes ATP

63
Q

Because one glucose molecule yields two pyruvates, and therefore two acetyl-CoA molecules, each glucose generates _____ turns of the citric acid cycle.

A

Because one glucose molecule yields two pyruvates, and therefore two acetyl-CoA molecules, each glucose generates two turns of the citric acid cycle.

64
Q

Why is glycolysis considered to be the most fundamental and probably the most ancient of all metabolic pathways?

A

Glycolysis is considered to be fundamental and ancient for the following reasons:

  • Glycolysis is universal, being found in almost all organisms, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, on all branches of the tree of life.
  • Unlike other stages of cellular respiration, glycolysis does not require oxygen, which became abundant in Earth’s atmosphere only about 2.5 billion years ago—about 1.5 billion years after scientists think life developed.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of all cells and uses water-soluble enzymes; therefore it does not require sophisticated electron transport chains or cellular organelles in order to operate.
  • Glycolysis provides energy, which is vital.
65
Q

During glycolysis, ATP is produced using _____ phosphorylation. In this mode of ATP synthesis, an enzyme transfers aa phosphate group from a high-energy substrate molecule to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), producing ATP. _____ phosphorylation is also the mode of ATP synthesis that is used during the citric acid cycle.

A

During glycolysis, ATP is produced using substrate-level phosphorylation. In this mode of ATP synthesis, an enzyme transfers aa phosphate group from a high-energy substrate molecule to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), producing ATP. Substrate-level phosphorylation is also the mode of ATP synthesis that is used during the citric acid cycle.

66
Q

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial _____. Therefore, the pyruvates (produced in glycolysis) must pass through both the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.

A

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix. Therefore, the pyruvates (produced in glycolysis) must pass through both the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.

67
Q

What is a process in which ATP is synthesized using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme known as?

A

Chemiosmosis

68
Q

What two intermediates come after fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis, and what do they both end up as?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

DHAP is converted into another G3P

Grade 12 - SBI4U (28 decks)

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