Lesson 5 - Weathering,soil, & Mass Wasting

Question 1

What are earths three external process?

Answer 1

Weathering
Mass wasting
Erosion

Question 2

What is the disintegration and decomposition of material at or near the surface?

Answer 2

Weathering

Question 3

What is the transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity?

Answer 3

Mass wasting

Question 4

What is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent , usually water, wind, or ice?

Answer 4

Erosion

Question 5

What are the two kinds of weathering?

Answer 5

Mechanical

Chemical

Question 6

What is mechanical weathering?

Answer 6

Breaking rocks into smaller pieces?

Question 7

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 7

Altering the internal structures of minerals by removing or adding elements

Question 8

What are the four processes of mechanical weathering?

Answer 8

Frost wedging
Unloading
Biological activity

Question 9

What is the most important agent in chemical weathering?

Answer 9

Water

Question 10

(Chemical weathering) what does the oxygen dissolved in water do?

Answer 10

Oxidizes material

Question 11

(Chemical weathering) What does carbon dioxide dissolved in water do?

Answer 11

Forms carbonic acid and alters the material

Question 12

What does the weathering of potassium feldspars produce?

Answer 12

Clay materials
Soluble salt (potassium bicarbonate)
Silica in solutions

Question 13

What remains substantially unaltered during the chemical weathering of granite?

Answer 13

Quartz

Question 14

What is produced when silicate materials are weathered?

Answer 14

Soluble sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium products

Insoluble iron

Clay materials

Question 15

How can chemical weathering also produce physical changes?

Answer 15

Spheroidal weathering

Question 16

How does mechanical weathering aid chemical weathering ?

Answer 16

By increasing the surface area

Question 17

What are important factors of weathering rates?

Answer 17

Rock characteristics

Climate

Question 18

What two rock characteristics are factors in the rate of weathering?

Answer 18

Mineral composition and solubility

Physical features

Question 19

What mineral composition dissolved in weakly acidic solutions?

Answer 19

Marble (calcite)

Question 20

In what order do silicate minerals weather in?

Answer 20

The order of their crystallization

Question 21

What physical features example os a factor of weathering rate?

Answer 21

Joints

Question 22

What are the two most crucial factors of climate that influence the rate of weathering?

Answer 22

Temperature

Moisture

Question 23

What climate is chemical weathering most effective?

Answer 23

Warm temperatures

Abundant moisture

Question 24

What is differential weathering caused by?

Answer 24

Variations in compositions

Question 25

What is created by differential weathering?

Answer 25

Unusual and spectacular rock formations and landforms

Question 26

Freeze wedging is caused by the repeated freeze-thaw.

Answer 26

Frost wedging

Question 27

The removal of great weights of rock or ice that lie on the surface. This may happen through rising temperatures that melt ice sheets; erosion by wind, water or ice; or tectonic uplift.

Answer 27

Unloading weathering

Question 28

The weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals and microbes. Growing plant roots can exert stress or pressure on rock

Answer 28

Biological activity weathering

Question 29

What occurs in the most well-consolidated, lithified, and highly competent rocks, such as sandstone, limestone, quartzite, and granite

Answer 29

Joint

Question 30

A fracture dividing rock into two sections that moved away from each other.

Answer 30

Joint

Question 31

A characteristic weathering form in massive rocks, granite, dolerite, basalt, and even some sedimentary types such as silicified sandstones, results in the production of spheroidal boulders of unweathered rock, around which are to be observed layers or flakes of disintegrated material.

Answer 31

Spheroidal weathering

Question 32

What is an interface in the earth system?

Answer 32

Soil

Question 33

What combines to make soil?

Answer 33

Mineral matter Water Air

Question 34

What is rock and mineral fragments called?

Answer 34

Regolith

Question 35

What portion of soil supports the growth of plants?

Answer 35

Regolith

Question 36

What does the texture of souls refer to?

Answer 36

Proportions of different particle sizes

Question 37

What are the parts of soil textures and how large are they?

Answer 37

Sand (large) Silt Clay (small)

Question 38

What particle in soil has the best texture suited for plant life?

Answer 38

Loam

Question 39

How does soil get its structure?

Answer 39

Soil particles clump together

Question 40

What are the four soil structures?

Answer 40

Platt Prismatic Blocky Spheroidal

Question 41

What are the 5 most important factors that control soil formation?

Answer 41

``` Parent material Time Climate Plants and animals Slope ```

Question 42

When parent material is the bedrock?

Answer 42

residual soil

Question 43

When parent material has been carried form elsewhere and deposited?

Answer 43

Transported soil

Question 44

What is important in all geologic processes ?

Answer 44

Time

Question 45

How does the time relate to different soils evolving?

Answer 45

The time to evolve varies on different soils

Question 46

What furnishes organic matter to soil?

Answer 46

Plants and animals

Question 47

What influence does organisms have on soil?

Answer 47

They influence soils physical and chemical properties

Question 48

What kind of soil do steep slopes have ?

Answer 48

Poorly developed soils

Question 49

What is a flat to undulating upland surface?

Answer 49

Optimum (angle)

Question 50

What is orientation?

Answer 50

Direction the slope is facing

Question 51

What two things does the orientation of soil influence?

Answer 51

Soil temperature | Soil moisture

Question 52

How do the soil forming processes operate?

Answer 52

Surface downward

Question 53

What do soil scientists call zones or layers of soil?

Answer 53

Horizons

Question 54

What is The composition of O horizons?

Answer 54

Organic matter

Question 55

What is The composition of A horizons?

Answer 55

Organic and mineral matter

Question 56

What is The composition of E horizons?

Answer 56

Little organic matter

Question 57

What is The composition of B horizons?

Answer 57

Zone of accumulation

Question 58

What is The composition of C horizons?

Answer 58

Partially altered parent material

Question 59

What is the name of O and A horizons together?

Answer 59

Topsoil

Question 60

What layers are topsoil?

Answer 60

O and A

Question 61

What is the name of horizons O, A, E, B together

Answer 61

Solum | “True Soil”

Question 62

What horizons are in solum or “true soil”

Answer 62

O, A, E, B

Question 63

True or false: there are hundreds of soil types worldwide.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

What about re the three very generic soil types?

Answer 64

Pedalfer Pedocal Laterite

Question 65

What soil type has an accumulation of iron oxides and Al-rich clays in the B horizon?

Answer 65

Pedalfer

Question 66

What soil type is in hot, wet, tropical climates?

Answer 66

Laterite

Question 67

What soil type is best developed under forest vegetation?

Answer 67

Pedalfer

Question 68

What soil type is associated with drier grasslands?

Answer 68

Pedocal

Question 69

What soil type has intense chemical weathering?

Answer 69

Laterite

Question 70

What soil type accumulates calcium carbonate?

Answer 70

Pedocal

Question 71

Thin, flat plates of soil usually found in compacted soil?

Answer 71

Platy

Question 72

Vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long usually doing in lower horizons?

Answer 72

Prismatic

Question 73

Irregular blocks

Answer 73

Blocky

Question 74

Consists of circular peds or granules that are usually separated from each other in a loosely packed arrangement.

Answer 74

Spherical

Question 75

What is the recycling of earths materials?

Answer 75

Soil erosion

Question 76

What does natural rates of erosion depend on? (4)

Answer 76

Soil characteristics Climate Slope Type of vegetation

Question 77

What two things can soil erosion and sedimentation cause?

Answer 77

Reservoirs to fill with sediment Contamination by pesticides and fertilizers

Question 78

What is the process of weathering creating ore deposits?

Answer 78

Secondary enrichment

Question 79

What is secondary enrichment?

Answer 79

Concentrated metals into economical deposits

Question 80

Secondary enrichment can take place by removing ________ from _______, which leaves the _____ behind

Answer 80

Undesired material Decomposing rock Desired elements

Question 81

Secondary enrichment can take place from the _______ being carried to _____________ and deposited

Answer 81

Desired elements | Lower zones

Question 82

What are two examples of secondary enrichment?

Answer 82

Bauxite (principle ore of aluminum) Any copper and silver deposits