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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 7 - energy expenditure > Flashcards

LESSON 7 - energy expenditure Flashcards

1
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
all metabolic processes ultimately result in _____ production

A

heat

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2
Q

what are the two outcomes of substrate metabolism efficiency ?

A

ATP and heat

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3
Q

what percentage of substrate energy is ATP ?

A

40%

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4
Q

what percentage of substrate energy is heat ?

A

60%

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5
Q

what essentially defines metabolic rate ?

A

heat

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6
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
_______ production rate from cells, tissues, and the whole body operationally defines metabolic rate

A

heat

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7
Q

when does heat production increase ?

A

with energy production

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8
Q

what represents the basic unit of heat measurement ?

A

calorie (kcal)

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9
Q

what refers to measurement of heat transfer ?

A

calorimetry

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10
Q

what is a kilocalorie ?

A

unit of energy

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11
Q

what is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius ?

A

kilocalorie

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12
Q

1 kcal =

A

4.184 kilojoules

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13
Q

how do we measure a kilocalorie ?

A

measured with bomb calorimeter

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14
Q

is oxygen highly flammable ?

A

yes

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15
Q

what will give us an indicator of energy expenditure ?

A

how much heat is released

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16
Q

what occurs within the sealed thick walled reaction chamber ?

A

energy is transferred into the water so the surrounding water absorbs the heat from the combustion

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17
Q

1g = how many calories ?

A

4 calories

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18
Q

1g = how many proteins ?

A

4 calories

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19
Q

1g = how many fats ?

A

9 calories

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20
Q

what are the two ways we quantify human energy expenditure ?

A

indirect and direct calorimetry

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21
Q

what is indirect calorimetry ?

A
  • O2 uptake and CO2 production
  • how heavy their breathing
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22
Q

what is direct calorimetry ?

A
  • heat
  • direct measure of how hard someone is working
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23
Q

what type of calorimetry measures heat production ?

A

direct calorimetry

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24
Q

what type of calorimetry measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production ?

A

indirect calorimetry

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25
Q

what are the three indirect heat measurements ?

A
  • O2 uptake
  • CO2 production
  • N2 balance
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26
Q

what is a human calorimeter ?

A

direct measure of heat production and thus kcal expended

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27
Q

is a human calorimeter indirect or direct ?

A

direct

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28
Q

does measuring a persons rate of oxygen uptake provide an indirect or direct (but accurate) estimate of energy expenditure ?

A

indirect

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29
Q

what are the two types of indirect calorimetry ?

A

closed-circuit and open-circuit spirometry

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30
Q

is it indirect or direct which measures the uptake/consumption of oxygen from the product side of the catabolic reaction ?

A

indirect

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31
Q

what is closed-circuit spirometry ?

A

how much volume of O2 has gone down

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32
Q

rate of volume reduction =

A

VO2 in L/min

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33
Q

what does the open-circuit spirometer measure ?

A

inspired and expired O2 volume

34
Q

magnitude of difference divided by time =

A

VO2 in L/min

35
Q

what is the term defined as “oxidative metabolism of glucose and fat uses O2 and produces CO2 and water”

A

indirect calorimetry

36
Q

energy expenditure can be estimated by measuring what two variables at the mouth ?

A

VO2 and CO2 inspired and VO2 and CO2 expired

37
Q

what is the formula for indirect calorimetry rate ?

A

difference in volume divided by time = rate

38
Q

what are the two formulas we are “familiar” with ?

A

oxygen uptake (L/min) and carbon dioxide production (L/min)

39
Q

what is Douglas bag VO2 ?

A

calculation for estimating O2 uptake (VO2) during exercise in normoxia

40
Q

to estimate the amount of energy used by the body what is necessary ?

A

to know the type of food substrate being oxidized

41
Q

what does the amount of O2 used during metabolism depend on ?

A

the type of fuel being oxidized

42
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

we can use VCO2 and VO from indirect calorimetry to determine __________ and __________

A

substrate utilization and quantify energy expenditure

43
Q

between fat and carbs which require more oxygen for ATP ?

A

more ATP per oxygen in glucose

44
Q

between fats and carbs which would you prefer in regards to oxygen consumption ?

A

prefer carbs since you need more O2 to break up fatty acids

45
Q

what is the average RER for fats ?

A

0.70

46
Q

what is the average RER for carbs ?

A

1.00

47
Q

what is better for RER in regards to oxygen ? higher or lower number ?

A

higher number (the more its being oxidized)

48
Q

between fats and carbs which is the less efficient storage of energy ?

A

carbs

49
Q

between carbs and fats which is more kcal dense ?

A

fat

50
Q

between carbs and fats which is less kcal dense ?

A

carbs

51
Q

what does RER stand for ?

A

respiratory exchange ration

52
Q
A
53
Q

what is RQ ?

A

cell respiration

54
Q

what is RQ and RER ?

A

the same measurement but are obtained differently

55
Q

what is the maximal range of RQ ?

A

0.70 to 1.00

56
Q

what is the maximal range of RER ?

A

<0.70 to >1.20

57
Q

how many scenarios are there where RER and RQ may not equal each-other ?

A

4

58
Q

name the four scenarios where might RER not equal RQ ?

A
  1. hyperventilation
  2. metabolic acidosis
  3. non-steady state exercise
  4. prolonged exercise
59
Q

define hyperventilation :

A

excrete CO2 to increase O2

60
Q

define metabolic acidoses :

A
  • respiratory compensation
  • maintain nice level of pH
  • kidney failure
61
Q

define non-steady state exercise :

A
  • VO2 varies
  • steady state = keeping a steady pace (marathon ex)
62
Q

what scenario is it when

“increases CO2 output in excess of metabolically produce CO2; increased VCO2”

A

hyperventilation

63
Q

what scenario is it when

“buffering of H ions via bicarbonate yields additional, non metabolic CO2 which is also breathed out at the mouth ; increased VCO2”

A

metabolic acidosis

64
Q

what scenario is it when

“VCO2 takes longer to attain steady-state compared to VO2 at exercise onset; temporal distortion”

A

non-steady-state exercise

65
Q

what scenario is it when

“if CHO nutrition is poor and glycogen stores low, longer exercise duration could result in a amino acid oxidation”

A

prolonged exercise

66
Q

what scenario is RER > RQ ?

A

hyperventilation

67
Q

what scenario is RER > 1.0 ?

A

metabolic acidosis

68
Q

what scenario is RER < RQ ?

A

non-steaduy-state exercise

69
Q

what scenario is RER doesn’t equal RQ ?

A

prolonged exercise

70
Q

what is the term used to define

“the rate at which the body used energy or the rate at which ATP must be resynthesized to satisfy bodily demand”

A

metabolic rate

71
Q

what two things work interchangeably? if were measuring ____ ; were measuring _________

A

VO2 and metabolic rate

72
Q

what does BMR stand for ?

A

basal metabolic rate

73
Q

what is BMR ?

A

the minimal amount of energy required to carry out essential physiological functions

74
Q

what is the formula for measuring energy balance for BMR ?

A

energy intake - energy output = energy balance

75
Q

what is energy intake in regards to calories ?

A

calories consumed

76
Q

what is energy output in regards to calories ?

A

calories extended

77
Q

if we have a positive energy balance what does this mean ?

A

increased body mass

78
Q

if we have a negative energy balance what does this mean ?

A

decrease body mass

79
Q

what type of energy balance is “storing more energy than released”

A

positive

80
Q

what type of energy balance is “ used more than we have taken in/mass will fall”

A

negative

81
Q
A

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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