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MMI 133 > lesson six > Flashcards

lesson six Flashcards

1
Q

protozoa

A
  • parasite
  • one-celled eukaryotes
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2
Q

metazoa

A
  • parasite
  • multicellular animals
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3
Q

ectoparasites

A
  • free living bugs
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4
Q

protozoa

A
  • some have a cyst form with a tough protective layer outside of the cytoplasmic membrane
  • growing form in many species called trophozoite (no cell wall)
  • cyst form may also be called an oocyst
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5
Q

protozoan: entamoeba histolytica

A
  • agent of amoebic dysentery
  • primary food: RBC (ulcer formation and bloody diarrhea)
  • both trophozoite and cysts form
  • cysts high degree of resistance to chlorine
  • can be treated with nitroimidazole
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6
Q

protozoan: giardia lamblia

A
  • flagellate; causative agent of giardiasis (bever fever)
  • intestinal upsets, flatulence, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
  • cyst and trophozoite
  • cysts high resistance to chlorine
  • treated with nitroimidazoles
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7
Q

protozoan: trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • flagellate, mobile
  • no cyst stage, person to person infection- sexual transmission
  • found in vagina and male urethra
  • intense itching, inflammation of tissues
  • treated with nitroamidozoles
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8
Q

protozoan: acanthamoeba sp

A
  • grows in water, exists as cyst form in dust
  • important for contact lens wearers
  • eye loss outcome of infection
  • cysts and trophozoite stage in humans
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9
Q

protozoan: cryptosporidium parvum

A
  • cows, rats, dogs, cats, to people
  • chronic diarrhea, sever in immunocompromised
  • must us ZN stain
    oocysts have high resistance to chlorine
  • no good treatment
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10
Q

protozoan: toxoplasma gondii

A
  • cat feces contain oocysts
  • tissue cysts containing the protozoan can form in other animals
  • acquired from undercooked meat or from contact with cat feces
  • serious for fetes in pregnancy (first trimester)
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11
Q

protozoan: trypansoma

A
  • blood parasites, transmission mostly vectors
    1. T. brucei gambiense causes african sleeping sickness (africa-tsetse fly)
    2. T. cruzi causes chaga’s disease in south america (kissing bug)
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12
Q

protozoan: leishmania sp.

A
  • 20 different species, all transmitted by sand fly vector
  • visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous syndromes
    live and develop in macrophages
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13
Q

protozoan: plasmodium sp.

A
  • cause of malaria
  • 4 main types, all transmitted by anopheles
  • most dangerous is p. falciparum (infects all ages of RBC)
  • mosquito carries the sprozoite in saliva, this enters the blood stream, then liver cells within 30 min
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14
Q

symptoms of falciparum malaria

A

-fever and chills caused by release of toxic
breakdown products when the RBCs rupture and
release developing parasites
-sequestration (sticky collections) of parasites
and red blood cells occlude capillaries causing
organ death. This is due to a virulence factor
called PfEMP1

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15
Q

severe consequences of p. falciparum malaria

A
  • cerebral malaria: clumping and occlusion of blood vessels
  • anemia: caused by lysis of RBC
  • kidney failure: caused by high levels of hemoglobin breakdown products
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16
Q

worms=metazoa

A
  1. nematodes: intestinal and blood
  2. trematodes
  3. cestodes
17
Q

metazoa: nematodes

A
  • roundworms with complete digestive system
  • two categories
    a) eggs are the infective stage
    b) larva are the infective stage
18
Q

nematodes: enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A
  • eggs are the infective stage
  • spends whole life cycle in human
  • live in large intestine, females migrate to anus
    produces a glue to stick eggs to the skin
  • transmitted by direct contact with eggs or ingestion of eggs stirred up in dust
19
Q

nematodes: ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • large round worms
  • live in intestine of pigs, cows, horses
  • eggs in soil very hardy (thick protein coat)
    infection by eggs
  • diagnosis of infection by examination of feces
20
Q

nematodes: hookworms

A
  • larvae as infectious stage
  • enter intact skin of bare feet
  • →lymph & circulatory system,
    → lungs, → coughed up and
    swallowed down to the small
    intestine, where they attach by
    hooks on the scolex
  • cause anemia
  • only found in warm climates
21
Q

nematodes: anisakis

A
  • accidentally infect humans in larval form
  • fish nematodes
  • rare type of infection
  • prevention: heat or blast freeze, cleaning of fish asap
22
Q

nematodes: trichinella spiralis

A
  • larvae infectious
  • ingestion of encysted larvae in undercooked pork, boar, bear, walrus
  • larvae encyst in striated muscle fibers
  • muscle weakness is a dominant symptom
23
Q

blood nematodes (filaria)

A
  1. lymphatic filariasis: adult worms live in lymph tissue
  2. onchocerciases: adult worms live in subcutaneous tissue
    - microfilariae: (offspring) circulate through bloodstream or migrate through subcutaneous tissue
    - transmission by mosquitoes
24
Q

trematodes: schistosoma

A
  • human is infected by cercarae that penetrate intact skin in fresh water ponds
  • adult worms hide from host immune system under a
    coat of protein acquired from the host
  • worms reside in the venous plexus of bladder or
    intestine, depending on species.
  • eggs cause inflammation
25
Q

schistosoma: s. haematobium

A

urinary schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
-results in inflammation of bladder wall, chronic sequalae- cancer
- Africa, Middle East

26
Q

schistosoma: s.japonicum

A
  • intestinal parasite
  • found in far east
27
Q

schistosoma: s. mansoni

A
  • intestinal parasite
  • found in africa, SA, caribbean
    over 250 million people infected
28
Q

swimmers itch

A
  • Caused by a duck
    schistosome
  • These cercariae do not
    enter the human
    circulation, self-limiting,
    causes skin itching due to
    the immune response
29
Q

c. cestodes (tapeworms)

A
  • intestinal parasites, dependent on host for nutrients, no digestive system
  • head, or “scolex” has suckers or hooks for attachment to gastric mucosa
  • body consists of segments called proglottids, each of which contains male and female reproductive organs
  • acquired by eating inadequately cooked contaminated beef, pork or fish
30
Q

tapeworms cause two types of disease

A
  1. intestinal infection: mild, produced by pork, beef, fish or rodent
  2. deep tissue infection: serious, pork or dog tapeworm
31
Q

c. cestodes: taenia saginata

A
  • beef tapeworm
    life cycles requires both human and cattle
  • infectious tissue larvae ingested by humans in infested meat
  • eggs passed in feces
  • mild symptoms
32
Q

c. cestodes: taenia solium

A
  • pork tapeworm
  • intermediate host is pig
  • cerebral cysts cause cysticercosis
  • person to person transmission
    2 modes of infection:
  • eggs: hatching in intestine then escape and penetrate body tissues
  • larvae: result in adult worm in intestine
33
Q

c. cestodes: echinococcus granulosus

A
  • dog tapeworm
  • small, humans are dead end hosts
  • larva develops into hydatid cyst with hundreds of worm parts but cannot form a whole tapeworm in humans
34
Q

ectoparasites

A
  • live on skin
  • do not enter deep tissues
  • secondary infections due to scratching
35
Q

ectoparasites: scabies

A
  • mites burrow into skin, feed, life span 30 days, mate, lay eggs
  • host defenses cause inflammation and itching
  • elbows, fingers, breasts, groin, buttocks
36
Q

ectoparasites: lice or crabs

A
  • surface dwellers
  • penetrate skin with mouth, suck blood
  • female glues eggs to hair shafts
  • eggs hatch in 5-10 days
  • secondary infections when lice feces are crushed into wounds

MMI 133 (7 decks)

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