LESSONS 11-15

Question 1

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

Answer 1

Deindividuation

Question 2

a psychological-state in which the person becomes so immersed in the norms of the group that they lose their sense of identity and personal responsibility.
a condition of reduced self-evaluation within a crowd, and it is one of the most frequently observed impacts of social groups

Answer 2

Deindividuation

Question 3

group actions as irrational and inconsistent, a perspective that resonated widely with the concerns of the time.
being part of a crowd allows individuals to act on impulses that they would usually suppress or control when alone.

Answer 3

Theory of deindividuation

Question 4

He offered a politically motivated critique of crowd behavior.

Answer 4

Gustave Le Bon

Question 5

When individuals feel anonymous and unidentifiable within a group, they tend to feel less accountable for their actions. This sense of anonymity can shield them from personal responsibility, leading them to act in ways they would normally suppress or control when alone.
Being anonymous makes one less self-conscious, more group-conscious, and more responsive to cues present in the situation, whether negative or positive.

Answer 5

ANONYMITY

Question 6

Being part of a crowd can cause individuals to become less self-aware and focused on their own identity.

Answer 6

Group Size

Question 7

Lynchings were often carried out by large mobs, where individuals felt less accountable for their actions due to the group’s size.
People’s attention is focused on the situation, not on themselves.

Answer 7

Lynchings

Question 8

American psychologist carried out a study that bore some resemblance to Stanley Milgram’s 1963 obedience experiment.

Answer 8

Philip Zimbardo

Question 9

Opposite of deindividuation.
It involves a heightened focus on one’s own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and a deeper understanding of one’s personal identity and values.

Answer 9

Self Awareness

Question 10

The tendency for members of a group discussing an issue to move toward a more extreme version of the positions they held before the discussion began.
As a result, the group as a whole tends to respond in more extreme ways than one would expect given the sentiments of the individual members prior to deliberation

Answer 10

Group Polarization

Question 11

People seek positive perceptions from others and themselves, often adjusting their views to align with the prevailing opinion once they learn what others believe. Social influence affects behavior via two different mechanisms: informational externality and reputational externality

Answer 11

Social Influence

Question 12

when a number of people have acted or spoken, observers who lack much private information are highly likely to follow their lead

Answer 12

Informational externality

Question 13

people may do what they think others think they should do, whether or not they believe that they should do it

Answer 13

Reputational externality

Question 14

A situation where individuals or groups have access to only a small set of arguments or perspectives when forming or expressing their opinions.

Answer 14

LIMITED ARGUMENT POOLS

Question 15

is any change in an individual’ s choice or decisions that occurs as a result of group discussion.

Answer 15

Choice Shift

Question 16

is the tendency for the decisions of individuals to be more risky following group discussion.

Answer 16

Risky Shift

Question 17

occurs when an individual making a decision as part of a group adopts a more cautious approach than the same individual would’ ve adopted had they made the decision alone.

Answer 17

Cautious Shift

Question 18

A convergence toward the middle, if and when new persuasive arguments are offered that are opposite to the direction initially favored by group members

Answer 18

DEPOLARIZATION

Question 19

It is the tendency of people to associate with like-minded people that positively reinforces certain beliefs

Answer 19

Homophily

Question 20

This may occur as a result of communication and persuasion or through exposure to information and comparison of oneself with others. Exposure to arguments and ideas may lead people to reevaluate their perspective and shift their attitudes to more extreme views.

Answer 20

Informational Influence

Question 21

States that people evaluate their abilities and attitudes in relation to other people wherein self-image and subjective well-being play a significant role

Answer 21

Normative Influence

Question 22

States that virtually every member of a group privately disagreed with the prevailing attitudes and beliefs of the group as a whole whereas a member of a group has the tendency to overestimate or underestimate the attitudes or beliefs of the other group members.

Answer 22

Pluralistic Ignorance

Question 23

States that people not only classify others into social categories but they also recognize themselves in those categories and apply the stereotypes of those categories to themselves.

Answer 23

Self-Categorization Theory

Question 24

It is a strategy or rule used in a group to select an alternative among various proposed alternatives and discussed during the group ‘ s deliberations.

Answer 24

Social Decision Scheme

Question 25

It is a conceptual perspective on group processes and intergroup relations that assumes that groups influence the member's self concepts and self-esteem, especially when the individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify strongly with the group.

Answer 25

Social Identity Theory

Question 26

Mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

Answer 26

Groupthink

Question 27

A member of the group who, in an attempt to preserve the central group idea, omits any information which may cause doubts to arise within the group

Answer 27

Mindguard

Question 28

Social facilitation is a theory in psychology that suggests people have a tendency to be more productive or have higher performance when they are in the presence of others. This includes the real presence of other people in work environments as well as the implied, imagined, or digital presence of others

Answer 28

Social Facilitation

Question 29

refers to a phenomenon whereby increased task performance comes about by the mere presence of others doing the same task.

Answer 29

co-action effect

Question 30

refers to a type of social facilitation in which an individual’s performance is influenced by the presence of others (an audience), which causes an individual’s dominant response to occur.

Answer 30

audience effect

Question 31

This theory by Robert Zajonc explains how the presence of other people influences your performance on a task, depending on how well you’ve learned or mastered it. "Dominant response" – the most likely behavior in a given situation.

Answer 31

Dominant Response Theory

Question 32

He conducted experiments involving groups of people pulling on a rope, and found that as the group size increased, the individual effort of each member decreased.

Answer 32

Maximilien Ringelmann

Question 33

The term social loafing was coined by _______

Answer 33

Bibb Latané

Question 34

A phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone. People in groups often put in less effort because they feel less responsible and less pressured to perform individually

Answer 34

Social Loafing

Question 35

emerges when individuals believe their contribution is either unnecessary or insignificant to the group's success. This is particularly common in larger groups where individual contributions are less visible and where there is a perception that one can benefit from the group's efforts without being detected or penalized for not contributing.

Answer 35

Free-riding

Question 36

Unintentional Potential harm to performance Subconscious reduction of effort

Answer 36

Social Loafing

Question 37

Intentional Direct harm to performance Conscious choice

Answer 37

Free-Riding

Question 38

2 types of Social facilitation

Answer 38

Co-action effect & Audience Effect

Question 39

SYMPTOMS OF GROUPTHINK

Answer 39

1. illusion of invulnerability 2. unquestioned belief in the group’s morality 3. following leads of group members to become close-minded 4. rationalization 5. stereotyped view of opponent 6. following leads of group to feel pressure toward uniformity 7. conformity pressure 8. self-censorship 9. illusion of unanimity

Question 40

States that group polarization occurs when the opinions of the group members regarding an issue or choice will tend to become more extreme when a majority of the members favor a particular position, wherein the group will generate more arguments that will support the majority position.

Answer 40

Persuasive Arguments/Discursive Argumentation

Question 41

a group of female participants was divided into two groups: one group wore hooded jackets that hid their identities, while the other group wore their own jackets with name tags, making them easily recognizable. Participants in both groups were instructed to deliver electric shocks to recipients.

Answer 41

ZIMBARDO ELECTRIC SHOCK EXPERIMENT

Question 42

Factors that influence Deindividuation

Answer 42

Group Size Anonymity Arousing and distracting activities Self-Awareness

Question 43

Three key mechanisms contribute to these undesirable behaviors in crowds

Answer 43

1. Anonymity shields individuals from being identified 2. Contagion 3. Individuals in crowds become more suggestible