Leukaemia Flashcards
Which of the following organs are typically affected in haematological cancers?
1 - bone
2 - lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen)
3 - bone marrow
4 - extra-nodal (liver, adrenal glands, testes, breast)
5 - all of the above
5 - all of the above
Splenomegaly can be seen haematological cancer. If the patient has a very large spleen, where would you start your palpation to detect the spleen?
1 - below the liver
2 - left iliac fossa
3 - right iliac fossa
4 - hypogastric region
3 - right iliac fossa
- splenomegaly is enlarged to account for additional function to process blood
Splenomegaly can be seen haematological cancer. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of splenomegaly?
1 - ileum obstruction
2 - haematological (myeloproliferative, myelofibrosis)
3 - lymphoproliferative disorders (chronic lymphocytic leukemia)
4 - haemolytic states
5 - thalassaemia major
6 - viral infection
7 - portal hypertension
8 - RA
1 - ileum obstruction
Leukaemia which relates to leukocytes is a malignant (uncontrolled) proliferation of primitive haematopoetic cells in the bone marrow. Which blood cells can be affected in leukaemia?
1 - RBCs
2 - WBCs
3 - Platelets
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
- leukocytes are WBCs, but leukaemia can affect any cells
Leukaemia which relates to leukocytes is a malignant (uncontrolled) proliferation of primitive haematopoetic cells in the bone marrow. Which of the following occurs in the bone marrow of patients with leukaemia?
1 - bone marrow failure
2 - bone marrow fills with blast cells
3 - poor maturation of RBCs causes anaemia
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
When comparing leakaemia and lymphoma, which is a solid and which is a liquid tumour?
- leukaemia = liquid (blood)
- lymphoma = solid (lymph nodes)
When comparing leukaemia and lymphoma, which cells are generally affected?
- leukaemia = myeloid and lymphoid cells (all bone marrow cells)
- lymphoma = lymphoid cells (B, T and NK cells)
When looking at cell lines from the bone marrow we talk about haemopoietic stem cells, which are then able to differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells. Which of the following is NOT classed as a myeloid stem cell?
1 - erythrocyte
2 - thrombocyte (platelet)
3 - monocyte
4 - natural killer cell
5 - granulocyte
4 - natural killer cell
- these are classed as lymphoblasts
- granulocyte = eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil
When looking at cell lines from the bone marrow we talk about haemopoietic stem cells, which are then able to differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells. Which of the following is NOT classed as a lymphoblast stem cell?
1 - pre-B cell
2 - thrombocyte (platelet)
3 - Pre-T cell
4 - natural killer cell
2 - thrombocyte (platelet)
Leukaemia can be divided into acute and chronic leukaemia. Acute leukaemia can be further divided into:
- acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
- acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
Is AML common in children or old age?
- old age
Leukaemia can be divided into acute and chronic leukaemia. Acute leukaemia can be further divided into:
- acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
- acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
Is ALL common in children or old age?
- children
- most common malignancy in children
What is the incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)?
1 - 3 / 1000
2 - 3 / 10,000
3 - 3 / 100,000
4 - 3 / 1,000,000
3 - 3 / 100,000
440 cases in UK each year
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cause of malignancy in children. What age is this typically diagnosed?
1 - <12 months
2 - 0-4 years
3 - 1-7 years
4 - 5-10 years
2 - 0-4 years
Which genetically inherited condition increases the risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) by 30?
1 - down syndrome
2 - cystic fibrosis
3 - type 1 diabetes
4 - patua syndrome
1 - down syndrome
Risk of developing Acute myeloid leukaemia is increased by 130
Acute leukaemia is typically caused by mutations to the precursor blood cells in the bone marrow. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), affecting mostly children, what is the most common cause of this?
1 - chromosomal abnormality
2 - poor differentiation of in zygote
3 - genetic mutation passed on by parent
4 - all of the above
1 - chromosomal abnormality
- chromosomal translocation
- abnormal chromosomal number
Acute leukaemia is typically caused by mutations to the precursor blood cells in the bone marrow. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), affecting mostly children, the most common cause of this is due to chromosomal abnormalities. Which 2 of the following are common in ALL?
1 - 12 and 21
2 - 13 and 14
3 - 9 and 22
4 - 18 and 21
1 - 12 and 21
3 - 9 and 22
- Philadelphia chromosome
- 13 and 14 is called the robertsonian translocations
Acute leukaemia is typically caused by mutations to the precursor blood cells in the bone marrow. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) affecting mostly children, the most common cause of this is due to chromosomal abnormalities, with the 2 most common in ALL being 12 and 21 and 9 and 22 (Philadelphia chromosome). What do these chromosomal abnormalities typically cause?
1 - DNA mutations
2 - abnormal protein formation
3 - mRNA damaged
4 - golgi tendon organ is dysfunctional
2 - abnormal protein formation
- affects cellular function and cell division
Acute leukaemia is typically caused by mutations to the precursor blood cells in the bone marrow. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), affecting mostly children, can be further divided into 2 categories. Which 2 of the following are correct?
1 - pre-B cell ALL
2 - pre-megakaryoblast ALL
3 - pre-T cell ALL
4 - pre-myeloblast ALL
1 - pre-B cell ALL
3 - pre-T cell ALL
Which of the following is NOT true in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), affecting mostly children?
1 - immature lymphoid cells affected
2 - grows rapidly
3 - most common malignancy in children
4 - large amount of cytoplasm on histology
4 - large amount of cytoplasm on histology
- typically there is very little cytoplasm
In patients with leukaemia, the bone marrow is unable to effectively make blood cells as the bone marrow is full of immature blood cells. What happens to the level of WBC, RBC and platelets in leaukaemia?
- all will be low
Symptoms for leukaemia can be vague and non-specific
Leukaemia can present with a variety of symptoms. A low number of which of the following cells can cause bruising, epistaxis and petechial rash (non-blanching rash due to small blood vessels leaking)?
1 - B cells
2 - platelets
3 - RBCs
4 - WBCs
2 - platelets
Leukaemia can present with a variety of symptoms. Which of the folliwng is the main cause for bone pain?
1 - high B cells
2 - low platelets
3 - high lymphoblasts
4 - low lymphoblasts
3 - high lymphoblasts
Leukaemia can present with a variety of symptoms. All of the following are caused by low WBCs and RBCs, EXCEPT which one?
1 - increased risk of infection
2 - testicular enlargement
3 - pallor
4 - lethargy
2 - testicular enlargement
Leukaemia can present with a variety of symptoms. All of the following are RED flags for haematological malignancy according to NICE, EXCEPT which one?
1 - persistent fatigue
2 - unexplained fever
3 - unexplained persistent infection
4 - generalised lymphadenopathy
5 - hepatomegaly
6 - unexplained bruising / bleeding
7 - persistent/unexplained bone pain
5 - hepatomegaly
Can occur but not a red flag sign
Which of the following symptoms are present in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (ALL)?
1 - fatigue with anaemia and malaise
2 - bone and joint pain (enlarged bone marrow)
3 - easy bruising
4 - increased risk of infection
5 - fever with no clear cause
6 - right upper quadrant fullness and early satiety
7 - dyspnoea
8 - thrombocytopenia (low platelets) or disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)
5 - right upper quadrant fullness and early satiety
- the left upper quadrant is typically affected due to splenomegaly
In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients B cells can be affected which can cause Bone marrow failure and a Big spleen. How can we remember which of the following is NOT one of the 3 main things can happen to a patient with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia remember this?
1 - B is for Bone marrow failure
2 - B is for Big spleen
3 - B is for blood loss
4 - B cells affected
3 - B is for blood loss
In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, affecting mostly children, patients T cells can be affected. This is most common in Teenage boys and causes Thoracic lymphadenopathy.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 main things can happen to a patient with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia remember this?
1 - T is for Time, with slow progression
2 - T is for Teenage boys affected
3 - T is for Thoracic lymphadenopathy
4 - T is for T cells affected
1 - T is for Time, with slow progression
When trying to diagnose acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), affecting mostly children, what would we expect to see a lot of on a blood film?
1 - platelets
2 - immature blast cells
3 - B cells
4 - T cells
2 - immature blast cells
When trying to diagnose acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), which of the following would we expect to be high?
1 - platelets
2 - WCC
3 - B cells
4 - T cells
When trying to diagnose acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), we can use imaging such as CT and X-ray. What are we looking for on these imaging modalities?
1 - cardiomegaly
2 - consolidation
3 - lymphadenopathy
4 - bowel dilation
3 - lymphadenopathy
- specifically mediastinal and abdominal lymphadenopathy
Echocardiogram will also need to be done to ensure safety for cardiotoxic medication
Acute leukaemia is typically caused by mutations to the precursor blood cells in the bone marrow. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) can be further divided into multiple categories. One of the most common is called Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), caused by a chromosomal abnormality. What is the abnormality?
1 - 12 and 21
2 - 13 and 14
3 - 9 and 22
4 - 15 and 17
4 - 15 and 17
- disrupts retinoic acid receptor gene, which is essential for normal cell division
Which of the following is NOT true in Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)?
1 - immature lymphoid cells affected
2 - grows rapidly
3 - common in older adults
4 - large amount of blast (immature cells) in the circulation)
5 - auer rods are present in histology
1 - immature lymphoid cells affected
- AML affects myeloid cells
In acute meloid leukaemia (AML), we can use the mnemonic A.M.L to remember the 3 key things to diagnose a patient, not including >20% blasts. Which of the following is NOT one of these 3 things?
1 - A = auer rods
2 - M = myeloperoxidase
3 - M = massive splenomegaly
4 - L = leukaemia in older patients
3 - M = massive splenomegaly
- not specific to AML
- myeloperoxidase = granules that stain for positive for Myeloperoxidase
Which condition is often associated with both Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)?
1 - Edwards’ syndrome (trisomy 18)
2 - Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
3 - Patau’s syndrome (trisomy 13)
4 - Turner syndrome
2 - Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
When trying to diagnose acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), do we expect to see the WCC to be high, low or normal?
- can be all 3 so not a great marker
Typically low though
Typically the 1st test used to diagnose acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL) is what?
1 - bone marrow biopsy
2 - Immunophenotyping
3 - genetic testings
4 - blood smear
4 - blood smear
- ALL = shows lots of lymphoblast cells
- AML = shows lots of myeloblasts cells
Typically the 1st test used to diagnose acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL) is blood smear that shows increased lymphoblast cells (ALL) and myeloblasts cells in AML. The normal % of blast cells in a healthy patient is around 2%. What can this increase to in AML and ALL?
1 - >4%
2 - >12%
3 - >20%
4 - >65%
3 - >20%
- can be used for diagnosis purposes