leukocytes, platelets, and hemostasis

Question 1

— are the only formed element that is a complete cell with organelles and a nucleus​

Answer 1

leukocytes

Question 2

how many leukocytes are in microliters blood?

Answer 2

4,800 to 10,800

Question 3

leukocytes play an essential role in the body’s — response​

Answer 3

immune

Question 4

what is positive chemotaxis?

Answer 4

it’s when white blood cells are attracted to the site of infection or injury by a chemical signal released by damaged cells.

Question 5

what is diapedesis?

Answer 5

how white blood cells “squeeze” through blood vessel walls to reach where they’re needed in the body.

Question 6

what is the term for an elevated number of leukocytes?

Answer 6

leukocytosis

Question 7

what is the term for a decreased number of leukocytes ​

Answer 7

leukopenia

Question 8

what are the five types of leukocytes?

Answer 8

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Question 9

which leukocytes are granulocytes?

Answer 9

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 10

which leukocytes are agranulocytes?

Answer 10

lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 11

what is the order of abundance of leukocytes?

Answer 11

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

Question 12

what is a specific function of neutrophils?

Answer 12

fight bacteria and inflammation.

Question 13

what is a specific function of eosinophils?

Answer 13

defend against parasites and allergies.

Question 14

what is a specific function of basophils?

Answer 14

trigger inflammation and help control immune response.

Question 15

what is a specific function of lymphocytes? (T-cells and B-cells)

Answer 15

T-Cells: Fight virus-infected and tumor cells.
B Lymphocytes (B-Cells): give rise to antibody-producing plasma cells​

Question 16

what is a specific function of monocytes?

Answer 16

large cells that turn into macrophages, which eat pathogens and help activate lymphocytes for immune responses.

Question 17

chemical messengers called — or —trigger the creation of leukocytes

Answer 17

interleukins; colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

Question 18

like erythrocytes, leukocytes come from —

Answer 18

hematopoietic stem cells

Question 19

hemocytoblasts are quickly differentiated into — and — stem cells

Answer 19

lymphoid; myeloid

Question 20

Myeloid stem cells give rise to —, —, —, and all the —

Answer 20

erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, and granulocytes

Question 21

— arise from the myeloid line of stem cells​

Answer 21

myeloblasts

Question 22

— collect lysosomes

Answer 22

promyelocytes

Question 23

— collect granules ​

Answer 23

myelocytes

Question 24

In Band Cells, the nuclei form a —

Answer 24

curved arc

Question 25

In mature granulocytes, nuclei are ---

Answer 25

segmented

Question 26

--- are derived from the myeloid line ​

Answer 26

monocytes

Question 27

--- are derived from the lymphoid line ​

Answer 27

lymphocytes

Question 28

T Lymphocyte Precursors give rise to immature T-Cells which mature in the ---

Answer 28

thymus

Question 29

B Lymphocyte Precursors give rise to immature B-Cells which mature in the ---

Answer 29

bone marrow

Question 30

what is leukemia?

Answer 30

the overproduction of abnormal leukocytes

Question 31

how is leukemia caused?

Answer 31

when a single blood cell undergoes uncontrolled division, producing too many leukocytes that aren't fully functional

Question 32

excessive leukocytes impair normal function of ---

Answer 32

red bone marrow

Question 33

what are the four types of leukemia?

Answer 33

acute, chronic, myeloid, and lymphocytic

Question 34

what is infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 34

highly contagious viral disease typically seen in young adults ​

Question 35

infectious mononucleosis is caused by the ---

Answer 35

Epstein-Barr Virus​

Question 36

what are some symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 36

fatigue, body aches, chronic sore throat, and low-grade fever ​

Question 37

how long does recovery take for infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 37

4 to 6 weeks

Question 38

how does chemotherapy work?

Answer 38

by using drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells, but it can also affect healthy cells that divide quickly.

Question 39

platelets are fragments of very large cells, called ---

Answer 39

megakaryocytes

Question 40

the granules contained in platelets play important roles in ---

Answer 40

blood-clotting

Question 41

what would happen without platelets?

Answer 41

blood loss from an injured or damaged blood vessel would continue indefinitely

Question 42

platelets age --- and degenerate within --- days

Answer 42

quickly; 10

Question 43

where do platelets come from?

Answer 43

A hormone called thrombopoietin

Question 44

Each microliter of blood contains --- platelets

Answer 44

150,000 to 400,000

Question 45

what is hemostasis?

Answer 45

a fast, localized reaction to stop blood loss from a damaged or injured blood vessel

Question 46

what are the three steps of hemostasis?

Answer 46

1. Vascular Spasm ​ 2. Platelet Plug Formation ​ 3. Coagulation

Question 47

following successful hemostasis, the blood clot will retract and dissolve, what happens when the blood successfully clots?

Answer 47

the clot is replaced by fibrous tissue, which more permanently prevents blood loss

Question 48

what happens in the first step of (vascular spasm) hemostasis?

Answer 48

blood vessels constrict immediately after injury to reduce blood flow and minimize bleeding.

Question 49

what happens in the second step of (platelet plug formation) hemostasis?

Answer 49

platelets stick to the damaged area of the blood vessel and each other, forming a temporary plug to stop bleeding.

Question 50

what happens in the third step of (coagulation) hemostasis?

Answer 50

a series of chemical reactions occur that convert fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a stable blood clot to seal the wound.

Question 51

what three things can vascular spasms be triggered by?

Answer 51

1. injury to blood vessel walls 2. chemicals from damaged cells and platelets 3. pain signals from nearby nerves

Question 52

normally, platelets don't stick to each other or to the blood vessel walls because of the constant release of --- and ---

Answer 52

prostacyclin; nitric oxide

Question 53

a plasma protein, called ---, stabilizes bound platelets

Answer 53

von Willebrand factor

Question 54

what is Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)?

Answer 54

a strong substance that causes platelets to stick together and form clumps.

Question 55

what is Serotonin and thromboxane A?

Answer 55

chemicals that help strengthen vascular spasms and promote platelet clumping.

Question 56

Once activated, clotting factors trigger a 3-phase cascade that results in coagulation and vessel repair through the enzyme --- and the molecule ---.

Answer 56

thrombin; fibrin

Question 57

what happens during phase 1 of coagulation?

Answer 57

factor X gets activated, either through the damage to tissue (extrinsic) or blood vessel (intrinsic), and preparing for the next step in making a clot.

Question 58

what happens during phase 2 of coagulation?

Answer 58

prothrombin is changed into thrombin, which will help form the blood clot.

Question 59

what happens during phase 3 of coagulation?

Answer 59

when fibrin forms the "net" that traps blood cells and makes the clot strong and stable.

Question 60

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates --- and --- to form a connective tissue patch

Answer 60

smooth muscle cells; fibroblasts

Question 61

vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates --- to multiply and restore the endothelial lining

Answer 61

endothelial cells

Question 62

what is Fibrinolysis?

Answer 62

the process of removing unneeded clots when vessel healing has occurred ​

Question 63

what is Plasmin?

Answer 63

an enzyme that helps break down fibrin and removes blood clots.

Question 64

the presence of a clot, triggers endothelial cells to secrete ---

Answer 64

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Question 65

what is tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)?

Answer 65

a protein that helps break down blood clots by converting plasminogen into plasmin, the enzyme that dissolves clots

Question 66

what is tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) often used for?

Answer 66

a treatment for strokes or heart attacks caused by clots.

Question 67

what are Anticoagulants?

Answer 67

substances that inhibit blood clotting

Question 68

what is a natural anticoagulant found in endothelial cells?

Answer 68

heparin

Question 69

heparin inhibits ---

Answer 69

thrombin

Question 70

how does Nitric oxide help prevent blood clots?

Answer 70

by stopping platelets from sticking to blood vessel walls.

Question 71

what mineral is essential to forming a blood clot?

Answer 71

calcium

Question 72

thromboembolic disorders cause ---

Answer 72

undesired clot formation

Question 73

bleeding Disorders prevent ---

Answer 73

desired clot formation

Question 74

what's the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

Answer 74

A thrombus is a clot that forms in a blood vessel, while an embolus is a clot that breaks loose and moves through the bloodstream.

Question 75

example of a thrombus?

Answer 75

myocardial Infarction ​

Question 76

two examples of an embolus?

Answer 76

pulmonary emboli or cerebrovascular accident​

Question 77

what is Thrombocytopenia?

Answer 77

a condition where there are too few platelets in the blood, which can make it harder for blood to clot.

Question 78

whats a symptom of thrombocytopenia?

Answer 78

petechiae (small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by tiny blood vessels breaking)

Question 79

what's the cause of thrombocytopenia?

Answer 79

suppression or destruction of red bone marrow ​

Question 80

whats the treatment of thrombocytopenia?

Answer 80

platelet transfusion

Question 81

what does impaired liver function mean?

Answer 81

that the liver can't produce enough clotting factors

Question 82

what are some causes of impaired liver function?

Answer 82

vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis ​

Question 83

what is hemophilia?

Answer 83

a genetic condition where the blood doesn't clot properly due to a lack of certain clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding

Question 84

Two of three types of hemophilia are X-linked, meaning they are passed down through the X chromosome and occur mostly in ---.

Answer 84

males

Question 85

what are two symptoms of hemophilia?

Answer 85

prolonged bleeding after minor injuries and repeated bleeding into joint

Question 86

what are two treatments of hemophilia?

Answer 86

fresh plasma transfusions; injections of clotting factors

Question 87

--- stabilizes the forming platelet plug, while --- reinforces the plug

Answer 87

vWF (von Willebrand factor); fibrin

Question 88

what two growth factors are involved in blood vessel repair?

Answer 88

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).

Question 89

The enzyme that dissolves clots is ---

Answer 89

plasmin