lipids- biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the chemical elements that make up lipids

A

hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

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2
Q

what is the structure of a triglyceride

A

a molecule made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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3
Q

what bond forms when a fatty acids combines with a glycerol, and what is the name of this reaction

A

ester bond in the reaction called esterification

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4
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid with NO double bonds between carbon atoms

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5
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid

A

it has one or more double bond between carbon atoms

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6
Q

what is the strcuture of a phospholipid

A

a molecule with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to one molecule of glycerol formed by condensation reactions

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7
Q

what is the type of reaction used to break down phospholipids to release phosphate

A

hydrolysis, it uses water and can break down the ester bond

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8
Q

what does hydrophilic mean

A

attracted to and soluble in water (water loving)

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9
Q

define hydrophobic

A

repelled by and insoluble in water (water hating)

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10
Q

what are lipids made up of

A

made up of a mix of different, smaller molecules, joined together.

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11
Q

what are fatty acids

A

a smaller structure that can form a part of a lipid.

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12
Q

name one example of a lipid

A

triglycerides

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13
Q

fatty acids are made up of a

A

hydrocarbon chain that is attached to a carboxyl group

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14
Q

what is the common abbreviation for fatty acid

A

RCOOH
R for residual group or hydrocarbon chain and COOH for carboxyl group

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15
Q

triglycerides form in what type of reaction

A

condensation reactions which release water

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16
Q

explain if triglycerides are polymers

A

no because they are formed of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule not repeating units of a single monomer

17
Q

if fatty acids are added to a solution what will happen to the pH

A

it will decrease as fatty acids are acidic and so the concentration of acidic will increase

18
Q

a fatty acid with one double bond is called a

A

monounsaturated fatty acid

19
Q

a fatty acid with more than one double bond is called a

A

polyunsaturated fatty acid

19
Q

how does the structure of fats contribute to their state at room temperature

A

fats are made up of saturated fatty acids which have STRAIGHT parallel hydrocarbon chains, this triglycerides dont take up a lots of space=tightly packed together=solid @ room temp

20
Q

how does the structure of an oil contribute to their state at room temperature

A

oils are made up of unsaturated fatty acids which have BENDS in their hydrocarbon chains due to the C double bond, these take up a lot of space=not tightly packed=liquid @ room temp

21
Q

what is a function of triglycerides (3/4)

A

it is an energy storage molecule/source of energy, electrical insulation, thermal insulation

22
Q

what is a property of triglycerides (3)

A

an insoluble molecule enabling it to be a good storage molecule, large, have a high C and H:O ratio

23
Q

triglycerides are a good energy storage molecule because they are…

A

large

24
Q

do triglycerides have a high carbon and oxygen: hydrogen ratio

A

NO they have a high carbon and hydrogen: oxygen ratio

25
Q

how do the properties of triglycerides suit its function as an energy source

A

Triglycerides have fatty acid tails which have a high ratio of carbon and hydrogen to oxygen, so they can release high amounts of energy via respiration to release large amounts of ATP.

26
Q

how do triglycerides provide thermal insulation

A

triglycerides stored beneath our skin form a layer that provides thermal insulation which prevents the escape of heat from our bodies

27
Q

how do triglycerides provide electrical insulation

A

they are wrapped in layers around our nerve cells providing electrical insulation which prevents the escape of electrical impulses into surrounding cells

28
Q

phospholipids and triglycerides are insoluble in ….. and soluble in ..

A

water and ethanol

29
Q

why are T AND P soluble in ethanol

A

ethanol (an alcohol) its NON-POLAR, non polar substances are able to mix together so T AND P are able to dissolve in alcohols such as ethanol

30
Q

why is ethanol non polar

A

This is because, although ethanol has a small polar region, the bulk of it is made up of a non-polar region.

31
Q

what is the test used to determine if a lipid is present

A

the emulsion test

32
Q
A