liver/biliary/panc Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
- Chan, VRU 2024. Canine primary liver tumors treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy: A case series
-clinical improvement %
-tumor dec %
-MST?
A
o clinical improvement in 33% dogs treated with SBRT
~50% dec in tumor volume
o MST= 164 d /5mo
2
Q
- Mcalexander, JAVMA 2024. Diagnostic and surgical treatment for traumatic bile peritonitis in dogs and cats
survival rate?
site of rupture in cats vs dogs?
A
o 88.2% survival
o most frequent site of rupture: CBD = dogs ; cystic duct = cats
3
Q
- Bentley, VRU 2024. Intra‐ and interobserver agreement in computed tomography localization of primary nonhematopoietic hepatic masses and comparison with surgical and histopathological outcomes in 21 cats
most common tumor in cats? what division?
A
o left hepatic division (54%)»
o most common = biliary cystadenoma (52%) and hepatocellular adenoma (29%) – benign tumors!
4
Q
- Moore et al, Vet surg 2023. Association between divisional location and short-term outcome of liver mass resection in 124 dogs
-what 3 things were associated with dec complications?
-intraop comps inc __x if not using TA?
-odds of complication w R divisional mass?
A
o decreased likelihood of postop comps if: used a TA stapler, specialist surgeon, or larger/heavier dogs
odds of intraop complications were 19x higher if sx performed without a TA stapler
o RIGHT divisional mass = 88% higher chance of intraoperative complications
5
Q
- Bergen, vet surg 2023. Clinical use of uncovered balloon‐expandable metallic biliary stents for treatment of extrahepatic biliary tract obstructions in cats and dogs: 11 cases (2012–2022)
complications?
A
obstruction w/ choledocholiths, recurr cholangiohepatitis
6
Q
- Dobberstein, vet surg 2023. Comparison of the diagnostic yield of 3 and 5 mm laparoscopic liver biopsy forceps in cats
which size and “technique” recc?
A
5mm cup forceps; twist or pull tech
7
Q
- Smola et al, JAVMA 2023. Computed tomography angiography aids in predicting resectability of isolated liver tumors in dogs.
3 factors affecting resectability?
A
3 factors affecting resectablity:
Major vascular involvement
multilobar involvement
right-sided laterality negatively affected resectability
8
Q
- Jablonski, JVIM 2023. Concurrent hepatopathy in dogs with gallbladder mucocele: Prevalence, predictors, and impact on long‐term outcome
% of dogs w hepatic abN?
A
o 98% dogs with GBM had at least 1 hepatic histologic abnormality (fibrosis most common)
9
Q
- Cleary, JAVMA 2023. Features, management, and long-term outcome in dogs with pancreatitis and bile duct obstruction treated medically and surgically: 41 dogs (2015–2021)
survival rate for sx vs medical ?
A
o Survival rate: surgery = 95% surgery vs 57% medical mgmt
10
Q
- Burke, JVECC 2023. Hepatic abscessation in dogs: A multicenter study of 56 cases (2010–2019)
most common bacteria?
% w cancer?
survival rate?
how is this different than dickerson 2023 paper?
A
o E coli = most common
o 21% had neoplasia
o 71% survived to discharge –hypoglycemia & multifocal abscessation were assoc w dec survival
dickerson 2023 = 30% neoplasia, E colli most common, 63% survival
SIMILAR
11
Q
- Ullal, JAVMA 2023. Increasing age and severe intraoperative hypotension associated with nonsurvival in dogs with gallbladder mucocele undergoing cholecystectomy
% survival to discharge?
2 factors associated with w/ nonsurvival?
A
76% survived
inc age & BP <65mmgh assoc w/ nonsurvival
12
Q
- Larose, vet surg 2023. Near‐infrared fluorescence cholangiography in dogs: A pilot study
indication?
A
ID of biliary tears / bile leakage
13
Q
- Brunori, JVIM 2023. Occurrence and clinical relevance of postoperative hypernatremia in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy
relationship bw hypernatremia and odds of death?
Na above what conc didn’t survive?
conclusion?
A
dvlpt of hypernatremia within 6 hours postop = 7.7 higher odds of nonsurvival
Change in Na >10 mEq = 3.3x higher odds of mortality
postop Na>160 mEq/L did not survive
hypernatremia common and may be associated with death – RELEVANT finding
14
Q
- Dickerson et al, vet surg 2023. Outcome in 38 dogs surgically treated for hepatic abscessation.
most common bacteria?
% w cancer?
survival rate?
what comorbitidis were associated with inc risk for abscess dvlpt?
A
e coli; 30% cancer; 63% survived
(burke had similar)
o diabetes mellitus, hepatobiliary disease & panc = inc risk of developing hepatic abscessation
15
Q
- Brunet, JVIM 2023. Prevalence and clinical relevance of cholelithiasis in cats: A multicenter retrospective study of 98 cases
% symptomatic vs incidental
A
o Incidental = 41% ; symptomatic = 59%
~60% symptomatic – mutliplle choleliths or EHBDO signs
16
Q
- Hernon, vet surg 2023. The effect of flushing of the common bile duct on hepatobiliary markers and short‐term outcomes in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for the management of gall bladder mucocele: A randomized controlled prospective study
mortality rate? findings?
A
o no difference in Tbili or LES bw flush vs no flush
o mortality rate = 9.7%
o findings of the study do not support routine flushing of the CBD during cholecystectomy
17
Q
- Simpson, vet surg 2022. Cholecystectomy in 23 cats (2005‐2021)
mortality?
A
mortality rate = 21.7%
18
Q
- Reist et al, JAVMA 2022. Histopathologic findings and survival outcomes of dogs undergoing liver lobectomy as treatment for spontaneous hemoabdomen secondary to a ruptured liver mass :retrospective analysis of 200 cases (2012–2020)
most common dx?
prognostic factors?
MST for HCC vs HSA?
A
o HCC (36%)» benign masses (27.5%)> hemangiosarcoma (25.5%)
o px factors for survival: histo dx, increased ALT, anemia, and whether a transfusion was received
o 64% of dogs with spont hemoab d/t liver mass had well-differentiated HCC or a benign process
MST: HCC 897d (2.5y) vs HSA 45d
19
Q
- Piegols, vet surg 2021. Association between biliary tree manipulation and outcome in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder mucocele: A multi‐institutional retrospective study
what complications was associated with catheterization?
catheterized dogs were more likely to (3 things)
A
o Catheterized dogs = higher ASA scores, higher Tbili, and dilated CBD at time of sx
o pancreatitis assoc w/ CBD catheterization – not different bw normograde / retrograde catheterization
o Hernon 2023 recc no biliary flushing
20
Q
- Griffin, JVIM 2021. Choledochal stenting for treatment of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in cats
survival rate? recur rate? what was associated with recurrence
A
o Survival = 78%
o Recurrence = 38% – Cholelithiasis assoc w/ recurrence
21
Q
- Center, JAVMA 2021. Clinical features, concurrent disorders, and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome.
postive bilary cultures?
sx vs med mgmt recc?
A
o + bacterial cultures = 69%
o Cholelithiasis (+/- EHBDO) and cholecystectomy were associated with survival advantages – cholecystoenterostomy had no survival impact sx = significant survival advantage
22
Q
- Friesen, JSAP 2021. Clinical findings for dogs undergoing elective and nonelective cholecystectomies for gall bladder mucoceles
mortality rate
A
o 6% for elective cholecystectomy and 23% for nonelective
23
Q
- Putterman, vet surg 2021. Influence of normograde versus retrograde catheterization of bile ducts in dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele
recc?
A
o retrograde = more complications than normograde
o Tbili decreased: 70% normograde vs 40% retro
o recommend NG > retrograde catheterization
(hernon 2023 = no benefit to flushing)
24
Q
- Linden et al. Vet surg 2019. Outcomes and prognostic variables associated with central division hepatic lobectomies: 61 dogs
mortality? hemorrhage?
A
o hemorrhage = 33%
o mortality rate = 11%
25
* sweiton, VS 2024. Outcome of 21 dogs treated for the portocaval subtype of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
sx outcomes vs med mgmt? sx outcomes vs other shunts (generally speaking)
o sx outcomes= 80% fair, 20% poor vs med mgmt = 50/50 fair and poor
o sx treated dogs had improved BW - better clinical outcomes vs med mgmt BUT surgical outcomes worse overall vs other shunts
26
* Janas, vet surg 2023. Clinical outcomes for 20 cats with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated with ameroid constrictor ring attenuation (2002–2020)
complication rate?
o complications = 25%: blindness (10%) > ascites, head pressing, sz, death
Periop complication lower than hx reported for using ARC (prev bw 33-75%)
27
* Spies, vet surg 2023. Clinical presentation and short‐term outcomes of dogs ≥15 kg with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
complication rate? outcomes vs large breed?
o Portocaval (26%) and splenocaval (24%), golden retrievers = most common
o Complications = 35%
o sx management of single EHPSS in large dogs ≥15 kg had similar clinical short-term outcomes as small breed dogs
28
* Burger, JAVMA 2023. Dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts that have persistent shunting (MAPSS) after surgery have a higher prevalence of urolithiasis
% dogs with stones for closed pss vs mapss
Urolithiasis: closed PSS = 5% and MAPSS = 67%
50% of dogs w MAPSS had new uroliths
o ammonium urate uroliths might dissolve if PSS ceases to exist
29
* Mullins, vet surg 2023. Postattenuation neurologic signs after surgical correction of congenital portosystemic shunts in cats: A narrative review
incident of PANS vs postattneuation sz?
o Incidence of PANS (15-60%) and postattenuation seizures (0-30%)
Persistence/recurrence of neurologic signs in the long-term is common
30
* Serrano. JVIM 2022. Comparison of diet, lactulose, and metronidazole combinations in the control of pre‐surgical clinical signs in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
recc for hepatic diet vs lactulose vs metro? (recc combo)
o adding metronidazole to HSD + lactulose did not result in further improvement of clinical score
o Combined HSD + lactulose seems sufficient for pre-surgical cEHPSS stabilization >> unlike sole HSD or HSD + metronidazole
31
* Wallace, JAVMA 2022. Dogs ≥ five years of age at the time of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt diagnosis have better long-term outcomes with surgical attenuation than with medical management alone
conclusion? mortality rate? survival time for med vs sx?
o Survival time was longer with surgery than medical management (Med= 3 yr; Sx= 11yr)
o Continued CS: med = 40% vs sx =14%
o mortality rate = 7.3%
32
* Mullins, vet surg 2022. Postattenuation neurologic signs after surgical attenuation of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: A review
incidence of PANS vs sz?
o PANS = 2-25% and incidence of seizures = 0%-20%
o prophylactic antiepileptic drugs do not prevent PANS
o Mortality associated with PANS d/t sz activity
33
* Glenn, JSAP 2022. Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of polyethylene band attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 60 cases (2010‐2020)
persistent shunting? mortality?
o mortality = 6% (other papers ~9%)
o Persistent shunting = 17%
34
* Economu, JFMS 2022. Surgical treatment and outcome of intrahepatic shunts in 12 cats
incidence of PANS?
50% = PANS --17% died d/t PANS
35
* Anglin, JAVMA 2021. Clinical characteristics of, prognostic factors for, and long-term outcome of dogs with multiple acquired portosystemic shunts: 72 cases (2000-2018).
factors associated with w death? MST?
o Factors assoc w/ death: body weight, dec liver pseudofxn markers (albumin, chol, TS, glucose)
o MST = 580d (1.5yr)
o Dogs with MAPSSs & liver dysfunction more likely to die of causes related to MAPSSs
36
* Strickland, Vet surg 2021. Incidence and risk factors for neurologic signs after attenuation of a single congenital portosystemic shunt in 50 cats.
incidence of pans? mortality?
o PANS =62% -- Keppra doesn’t help for preventing PANS
o Mortality = 10%
37
* Carrera, JAVMA 2021. Long-term outcome and quality of life of dogs that developed neurologic signs after surgical treatment of a congenital portosystemic shunt: 50 cases (2005–2020)
resolution of neuro signs? recurrence ?
o Neuro signs resolved in 48% dogs
o Seizures reoccurred in 50% w/ PANS
38
* Otomo, vet surg 2020. Long‐term clinical outcomes of dogs with single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts attenuated with thin film banding or ameroid ring constrictors
survival to discharge? persistent shunting? (what about other papers?)
o no difference in survival to discharge -- TFB =95% and ARC =97%
o no dog w/ TFB req revision sx
Matiasovic VS 2019 -- 31% TFB =persistent shunting
Glenn JSAP 2022 = 17% TFB =persistent shunting
39
* Matiasovic, vet surg 2020. Outcomes of dogs treated for extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts with thin film banding or ameroid ring constrictor
complications? mortality bw groups? revision sx for TFB?
o Complications: TFB = 28% vs AC = 35%
o Mortality: TFB = 9% vs AC = 4%
o Revision sx for persistent shunting: TFB = 29% vs AC = 0% use of AC is more reliable
40
* Mullins, vet surg 2020. Prognostic factors for short‐term survival of dogs that experience postattenuation seizures after surgical correction of single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts: 93 cases (2005‐2018)
survival rate w/ PAS
o Survival rate (30 days) = 32%
41
* Mullins, vet surg 2019. Effect of prophylactic treatment with levetiracetam on the incidence of postattenuation seizures in dogs undergoing surgical management of single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
incidence of PAS?
o incidence of PAS = 8%
o Prophylactic treatment with LEV according to the protocols was not assoc with a reduced incidence of PAS
42
* Strickland, vet surg 2018. Incidence and risk factors for neurological signs after attenuation of single congenital portosystemic shunts in 253 dogs
risk factors for pans? mortality rate?
o Incidence of PANS = 11%
preop HE and inc age = inc odds of PANS
o Mortality rate = 18%
43
* Cleary, JAVMA 2023. Features, management, and long-term outcome in dogs with pancreatitis and bile duct obstruction treated medically and surgically: 41 dogs (2015–2021)
survival rates?
o Survival: surgery = 95% vs medical = 57%
44
* Veytsman, vet surg 2023. Retrospective study of 20 cats surgically treated for insulinoma
negative prognostic indicators? mortality rate?
o Negative prognostic factors: young age, low serum glucose concentrations, metastasis at time of surgery, tumor invasion, and shorter time to euglycemia
o mortality rate = 10%; median OST = 863 d (2yr)– similar to canine
45
* Collgros et al. JAVMA 2022. Blood glucose monitoring during surgery in dogs to assess completeness of surgical resection of insulinoma: 11 cases
recc for surgery ?
o Sx considered complete when BG rose to normal and consistently rising
46
* Wolfe, JSAP 2022. Perioperative outcomes in dogs and cats undergoing pancreatic surgery: 81 cases (2008‐2019)
mortality rate bw cats vs dogs?
dogs = 10%, cats =20%
47
* Ryan, JSAP 2021. Clinical findings, neurological manifestations and survival of dogs with insulinoma: 116 cases (2009‐2020)
correlation bw neuro exam and px?
o Abnormalities in the neurological examination did not correlate with prognosis
48
* Busto, JVIM 2020. Incidence of postoperative complications and outcome of 48 dogs undergoing surgical management of insulinoma
-Dec survival?
-MST?
-post ADE
o Factors assoc with dec survival: Stage of disease, postop hypoglycemia
o MST = 372 days (1yr) – longer MST if no mets (652d) vs stg 2/3 (320d
o postoperative DM in 33% 20% permanent
49
What is the effect of tunneling under the digastricus muscle during sialoadenectomy in dogs? Marsh, Vet surg 2013.
Increases the length of rostral salivary duct and glandular tissue that can be removed
## Footnote
Residual polystomatic sublingual salivary tissue remains after resection without tunneling.
50
What is the absolute indication for surgery in cases of temporomandibular joint fractures? Arzi et al, JAVMA 2023.
Severe/displaced fractures of mandibular fossa +/- condylar process preventing mouth opening/closing
## Footnote
Displacement of the condylar process into the auditory system also indicates surgery.
51
What percentage of complications were noted overall following mandibulectomy and maxillectomy in dogs? Cray et al, JAVMA 2022
Overall, 37% of the cases had complications.
52
What is the median survival time (MST) for cats with feline maxillary sarcoma? Harvey, JFMS 2022.
70 days
## Footnote
Most cats were euthanized due to local recurrence following incomplete tumor excision.
53
What factors are associated with complications following mandibulectomy and maxillectomy? Cray et al, JAVMA 2022
* Incision time
* Preoperative radiation therapy or chemotherapy
* Having a maxillectomy
## Footnote
Each factor significantly increases complication odds.
54
What are the factors associated with failure to discharge with esophageal foreign body surgery in dogs? Beer et al, JAVMA 2022.
* Esophageal perforation
* Thoracotomy
* Placement of gastrostomy tube
## Footnote
Presence of esophageal perforation is a significant factor associated with death.
55
What surgical technique was used for managing gastroesophageal junction abnormalities in dogs with brachycephalic syndrome? Hosgood et al, JAVMA 2021.
Circumferential esophageal hiatal rim reconstruction
## Footnote
This technique substantially reduced regurgitation frequency by 90%.
56
What are the treatment options for lower esophageal sphincter achalasia-like syndrome? Winston et al. Vet surg 2023
* Mechanical dilation
* Functional dilation with botulinum toxin A injections
* Modified Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication
## Footnote
These options aim to alleviate symptoms associated with esophageal dilation and peristalsis disruption.
57
What was the success rate of endoscopic retrieval of esophageal foreign bodies in dogs? Brisson et al. JAVMA 2018.
84% success rate
## Footnote
Endoscopic retrieval remains the initial treatment option provided perforation does not require surgery.
58
What is the most common vascular ring anomaly in cats? Basscunan, VS 2020
Persistent right aortic arch
## Footnote
This condition is the most frequently observed vascular ring anomaly.
59
What anatomical esophageal feature is correlated with gastroesophageal reflux in brachycephalic dogs? Conte, VS 2020.
Larger esophageal hiatus cross-sectional surface area
## Footnote
This feature can contribute to functional gastrointestinal alterations.
60
What was the outcome of using NIRF to assess gastric viability in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus? Mullen et al, Vet surg 2023.
NIRF was sensitive in nonviable gastric tissue and altered surgical resection in 15% of cases
## Footnote
It supports the implementation of NIRF as an adjunct to gross examination.
61
What is the typical survival rate for dogs undergoing surgery for gastric dilatation volvulus after immediate stabilization vs delayed? Lhuillery et al. Vet surg 2022.
78% survival rate = immediate
82% delayed
## Footnote
Delayed surgery showed a slightly higher survival rate of 82%, indicating the importance of timely intervention.
62
What percentage of dogs with esophageal strictures had a good outcome with balloon dilatation alone? riz, JSAP 2021.
59% had good outcome with ballooning alone
## Footnote
Stenting as a rescue therapy was also evaluated, but discomfort was frequent.
63
What are the two techniques mentioned for pyloroplasty in dogs and cats? Maurice, JSAP 2024
* Finney pyloroplasty
* Jaboulay pyloroplasty
## Footnote
Finney is handsewn, while Jaboulay uses endoGIA.
64
What percentage of dogs survived to discharge after gastroduodenal perforations d/t nsaids? Dobberstein et al. Vet surg 2022.
73%
## Footnote
All gastroduodenal perforations were found in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
65
What was the survival rate for dogs undergoing surgical management of intrathoracic wooden skewers? Garcia pertierra et al. JSAP 2022
91%
## Footnote
27% complication rate.
66
What factors were associated with mortality in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus according to White et al. 2021?
* Gastric necrosis
* Single lactate concentration
* Percentage change in lactate
67
What technique was evaluated and recommended for staple line reinforcement after partial gastrectomy closure? Duffy et al. Vet surg 2021.
Double-layer suture closure
## Footnote
Superior biomechanical properties vs stapling.
68
What was the conversion rate for laparoscopic correction of sliding hiatal hernia in dogs? Monnet et al. vet surg 2021.
50%
## Footnote
Due to anatomic difficulties preventing reduction of hernia.
69
What are some factors associated with gastroduodenal ulceration or erosion in dogs? Pavlova, JVIM 2021.
* NSAID/steroids
* Neoplasia
* Mechanical disease
* Working breeds
70
What was the survival to discharge percentage for dogs with gastroesophageal intussusception? Grimes et al, JAVMA 2020.
88%
## Footnote
Most common in young males, particularly German Shepherd Dogs.
71
What was the major complication rate after surgery for gastric carcinoma in dogs? Abrams et al. Vet surg 2019.
20%
## Footnote
Administration of adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved survival.
72
What was the odds increase for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs with a prior splenectomy? Sartor et al, JAVMA 2013.
5.3 times
## Footnote
Association found in a study of 453 cases (2004–2009).
73
True or False: Initial plasma lactate concentration cutoff of 7.4 mmol/L was 82% accurate for predicting gastric necrosis. Beer et al, JAVMA 2013.
True
74
What was the mortality rate associated with gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs according to Beck et al. 2006?
16%
## Footnote
Risk factors included clinical signs greater than 6 hours, splenectomy/gastrectomy, hypotension, peritonitis, and sepsis.
75
What was the success rate for medical management of discrete gastrointestinal foreign material in dogs? Carillo, JAVMA 2024.
47%
## Footnote
Majority were nonlinear foreign bodies.
76
Fill in the blank: The use of endovascular gastrointestinal anastomosis staplers is safe and effective for performing intestinal functional end-to-end _______. Genoni, JSAP 2024.
stapled anastomosis
77
What factors were associated with increased risk of complications in gastrointestinal foreign body obstruction cases? Puzio et al, JVECC 2023.
* Longer duration of clinical signs
* Antiemetic administration increased time to definitive care
78
What was the leakage primarily at during functional end-to-end stapled anastomosis with oversew of transverse staple line in dogs? Duffy et al, Vet surg 2022.
Crotch
## Footnote
Leakage occurred because the transverse staple line was oversewn.
79
What was the mortality rate for cats undergoing gastrointestinal surgery ? Hiebert et al, JFMS 2022.
18%
## Footnote
Cats with preoperative septic abdomen had 6.7x higher odds of mortality.
80
What is the dehiscence rate in R&As with a positive leak test? Mullen et al, JAVMA 2021.
0%
## Footnote
Compared to 8.8% in R&As with a negative leak test.
81
What was the most common site for leaks in canine jejunal enterotomies according to Mullen et al.?
Suture tracks
## Footnote
Leak testing is more sensitive with the use of air.
82
What influence does the location of the preconstructed effector loop have on leakage pressures following canine enterotomy closure? Chang et al, vet surg 2021.
Loop should be placed ≥ 5mm from the beginning of the incision
## Footnote
Leakage was 75% from the incisional line in the 0 mm group.
83
What was the sensitivity and negative predictive value of the probe in detecting gaps compared to leak testing? Culbertson et al, VS 2021.
100% sensitive with 100% negative predictive value
## Footnote
Probe drop test was positive in 80% compared to 17% for leak test.
84
What was the survival rate for cats undergoing surgery for septic peritonitis according to Anderson et al.?
66%
## Footnote
Cats with GI dehiscence did not have a worse prognosis.
85
What were the outcomes for dogs undergoing immediate versus delayed surgical treatment for gastrointestinal foreign body obstruction? Maxwell et al, Vet surg 2021.
Outcomes did not differ
## Footnote
Delayed treatment showed more GI injury and R&A.
86
What is the most common type of intussusception in dogs according to Larose et al.?
Ileocolic
## Footnote
No cause identified in ~67% of cases.
87
What leakage rates were observed for constructs using ligasure only versus ligasure/suture? chu et al, vet surg 2020.
87% for ligasure only and 60% for ligasure/suture
## Footnote
Leakage pressures and locations were compared in a novel technique study.
88
What was the leakage rate from the transverse staple line in non-oversewn FEESA according to Mullen et al.?
50%
## Footnote
Oversewing the transverse staple line is supported by evidence.
89
What was the most common microorganism associated with incisional infections after gastrointestinal surgery in dogs? Williams et al, vet surg 2020.
E. coli
## Footnote
Surgical contamination is the most likely source of infection.
90
What was the conversion rate for single-incision laparoscopic-assisted intestinal surgery compared to open laparotomy? Otomo et al, vet surg 2019.
20%
## Footnote
Minimally invasive techniques were evaluated for simple small intestinal foreign body removal.
91
What influence does oversewing the transverse staple line have on dehiscence rates in stapled intestinal anastomoses? Sumner et al, Vet surg 2019.
0% dehiscence with oversewing vs 15% without
## Footnote
Location of dehiscence primarily at the transverse staple line.
92
What factors are associated with dehiscence and mortality rates following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs? Gill et al, JAVMA 2019.
Increased preoperative lactate and ASA status
## Footnote
Factors such as albumin levels also play a role.
93
What was the dehiscence rate following enterotomy for foreign body removal in dogs according to Strelchick et al.?
2%
## Footnote
Previous rates ranged from 12% to 15.7%.
94
What was the median survival time (MST) for dogs with small intestinal adenocarcinoma treated by tumor excision? Smith et al, JAVMA 2019
544 days (~1.5 years)
## Footnote
MST was previously less than 1 year.
95
What is the MST for dogs with intestinal lymphoma according to Sogame et al?
62 days
## Footnote
This study covered 84 cases from 1997 to 2012.
96
What was the dehiscence rate for hand-sewn versus stapled anastomoses in dogs with preoperative septic peritonitis? DePompeo, JAVMA 2018.
Hand-sewn: 60% vs Stapled: 0%
## Footnote
Stapled anastomosis is recommended in these cases.
97
What was the dehiscence rate for full-thickness large intestinal incisions in cats according to Lux et al.?
8%
## Footnote
Survival rate was 94%.
98
What % of dogs had bilateral AGASACA when tx via bilateral anal sacculectomy for unilateral anal sac adenocarcinoma? Franca 2024
bilateral AGASACA in 20% dogs
## Footnote
Modified closed anal sacculectomy showed improved MST.
99
What was the local recurrence rate for dogs treated with modified closed anal sacculectomy? Fontes, JAVMA 2023. How was this different than Davey 2024 findings?
23%
Davey = 2%
## Footnote
Traditional closed anal sacculectomy had a 25% local recurrence rate.
100
What was the complication rate for combined transposition of internal obturator and superficial gluteal muscles in perineal hernia treatment? Rossello, JSAP 2023.
41%
## Footnote
This is higher compared to previous studies with IOT alone.
101
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with massive anal sac adenocarcinoma treated with surgery? Griffin, JAVMA 2023.
671 days (~2 years)
## Footnote
This study suggests stereotactic radiotherapy is a viable treatment option.
102
Is stereotactic radiotherapy a safe treatment for anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs?
Yes, it is a safe and feasible treatment
## Footnote
It is considered a reasonable alternative to surgical removal.
103
What was the finding regarding anal sac mass size and iliosacral lymph node enlargement? Sutton, JSAP 2022.
No association was found
## Footnote
This indicates that mass size does not predict lymph node involvement.
104
What percentage of dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma had local metastasis? Sutton, JSAP 2022.
71%
## Footnote
Pulmonary metastasis was found in 11% of cases.
105
What percentage of dogs with perineal hernia had paraprostatic cysts according to CT imaging? Ahlberg, VRU 2022.
17%
## Footnote
CT imaging revealed significant morphological and spatial abnormalities in large prostates.
106
What was the complication rate observed in anal sacculectomy for non-neoplastic anal sac disease in cats? Sandoval, JSAP 2022.
50%
## Footnote
This study highlights the risks associated with the procedure.
107
What was the most common clinical sign (CS) in cats with perineal hernia? Hubers, JSAP 2022.
Tenesmus (75%)
## Footnote
A good outcome was reported in 75% of cases.
108
True or False: Tumors larger than 2.5 cm in canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma are less likely to present with metastatic disease. Schlag, JSAP 2020.
False
## Footnote
Larger tumors are more likely to have metastasis.
109
Fill in the blank: The MST for dogs with rectal carcinoma is _______. Nucci, JAVMA 2014.
696 days (2 years)
## Footnote
This indicates the prognosis following rectal carcinoma surgery.
110
What risk factor was associated with recurrence after internal obturator muscle transposition for perineal hernia? * Shaughnessy, JAVMA 2015.
Post-operative tenesmus
## Footnote
Recurrence rates were significant, at 27%.
111
What percentage of complications were observed following rectal pull-through surgery? Nucci, JAVMA 2014.
78%
## Footnote
Most common complication was fecal incontinence, seen in 56% of dogs.
112
What was the recurrence rate for perineal hernias after bilateral repair? Bernarde, JSAP 2018.
0%
## Footnote
This suggests a high success rate for bilateral repairs.
113
What was the association with bladder retroflexion in dogs with perineal hernia and complications ? Grand, JAVMA 2013.
No evidence for Increased rate of postoperative complications of UBR
## Footnote
No long-term outcome benefit was seen with additional pexy procedures.
114
What is the percentage of complications associated with submucosal resection of epithelial rectal tumors? Cantatore, vet surg 2022.
29%
## Footnote
Dyschezia was noted as a common complication.
115
What was the MST for early-stage nonmetastatic anal sac adenocarcinoma treated with surgery alone? Skorupski, JAVMA 2018.
1,237 days (~3 years)
## Footnote
This suggests favorable outcomes with surgical intervention.
116
What percentage of dogs showed clinical improvement after treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for canine primary liver tumors? Chan, VRU 2024.
33%
## Footnote
Approximately 50% decrease in tumor volume was noted.
117
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs treated with SBRT for primary liver tumors? Chan, VRU 2024.
164 days
118
What was the survival rate for dogs and cats with traumatic bile peritonitis following diagnostic and surgical treatment? Mcalexander, JAVMA 2024.
88.2%
119
In dogs, which site is the most frequent for rupture causing bile peritonitis? Mcalexander, JAVMA 2024.
Common bile duct (CBD)
120
In cats, which site is most frequently ruptured causing bile peritonitis? Mcalexander, JAVMA 2024.
Cystic duct
121
What is the most common benign hepatic tumor found in cats according to a study on computed tomography localization? Bentley, VRU 2024.
Biliary cystadenoma (52%)
122
What divisional location was most common for liver mass in dogs? Moore et al, Vet surg 2023
Left division 58% >> Central 27% > Right 14%
123
What factors decreased the likelihood of postoperative complications during liver mass resection in dogs? Moore et al, Vet surg 2023
Use of a TA stapler, specialist surgeon, larger/heavier dogs
124
What is the odds ratio for intraoperative complications if surgery is performed without a TA stapler? Moore et al, Vet surg 2023
19 times higher
125
What are the three subdivisions of the liver and their respective volume percentages? Fontes et al, JAVMA 2023.
* Left division: 44%
* Central division: 28%
* Right division: 28%
126
What complications were reported in the clinical use of uncovered balloon-expandable metallic biliary stents? Bergen, vet surg 2023.
* Obstruction with choledocholiths
* Recurrent cholangiohepatitis
127
What is the diagnostic yield of 3 mm versus 5 mm laparoscopic liver biopsy forceps in cats? Dobberstein, vet surg 2023.
5 mm forceps provided more hepatic lobules, portal triads, and a larger tissue weight
128
What three factors affect the resectability of isolated liver tumors in dogs? Smola et al, JAVMA 2023.
* Major vascular involvement
* Multilobar involvement
* Right-sided laterality
129
What is the survival rate for dogs undergoing surgery for pancreatitis and bile duct obstruction? Cleary, JAVMA 2023.
95% for surgery vs 57% for medical management
130
What is the most common bacterial isolate in hepatic abscessation cases in dogs? Burke, JVECC 2023.
E. coli
131
What percentage of dogs with gallbladder mucocele survived to discharge? Ullal, JAVMA 2023.
76%
132
What factors were associated with non-survival in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder mucocele? Ullal, JAVMA 2023.
* Increased age
* Blood pressure ≤ 65 mm Hg
133
What is the significance of near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography in dogs? Larose, vet surg 2023.
Identifies biliary tears when bile leakage has stained surrounding tissues
134
What is the association between postoperative hypernatremia and non-survival in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy? Brunori, JVIM 2023.
Hypernatremia within 6 hours postoperative = 7.7 times higher odds of non-survival
135
What is the prevalence of portal vein and splanchnic venous thrombosis in dogs with chronic hepatitis? Droes, JSAP 2023
~6%
136
What is the recommended technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to prevent liver parenchymal bleeding?
Subserosal layer dissection technique (SSLD)
137
What is the mortality rate associated with cholecystectomy in cats? Simpson, vet surg 2022.
21.7%
138
What is the % of pts receiving conservative versus surgical management for cholelithisasis? Allan, JVIM 2021.
Majority of patients with choledocholiths (70%) managed surgically
139
What is the mortality rate for elective versus nonelective cholecystectomies in dogs? Friesen, JSAP 2021
Elective = 6% and nonelective = 23%
140
What is the significance of intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Kanai, vet surg 2022.
Identifies obstructions/strictures not detected by bile duct flushing alone
141
What is the most common complication following cholecystectomy in cats? Simpson, vet surg 2022. C
Vomiting (V+)
142
What are the common comorbidities associated with cats suffering from suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome? Simpson, vet surg 2022. C
* Extrahepatic biliary duct obstruction (EHBDO)
* Cholelithiasis
* Cholecystitis
* Ductal plate malformation
* Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
* Pancreatitis
143
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs undergoing transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular masses? Kawamura. JVIM 2023.
419 days
144
What is the effect of flushing the common bile duct during cholecystectomy on hepatobiliary markers? Hernon, vet surg 2023.
No difference in total bilirubin or liver enzyme levels between flush vs no flush
145
What is cholecystitis commonly associated with in dogs? Rogers, JVECC 2020.
Gallbladder mucocele (GBM)
## Footnote
Cholecystitis is not associated with decreased survival.
146
What is the surgical mortality rate for cholecystectomy in dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele? Youn, JAVMA 2018.
20%
## Footnote
Cholecystectomy results in the best long-term survival for GBM.
147
What was the elective cholecystectomy mortality rate in dogs? Youn, JAVMA 2018.
2%
## Footnote
The mortality rate for nonelective cholecystectomy is 20%.
148
What percentage of dogs required blood transfusions following liver lobectomy? Hanson et al, JAVMA 2017.
17%
## Footnote
The rate was higher in cats at 44%.
149
What anatomical classification is most common for canine congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts? weisse, VRU 2024.
Left gastrophrenic
## Footnote
95% of shunts involved the left gastric vein.
150
How do IHPSS dogs compare to EHPSS dogs in terms of gastrointestinal issues? * Couture, JVIM 2024.
IHPSS dogs are predisposed to gastrointestinal inflammation, ulceration, and bleeding
## Footnote
They also exhibit a higher frequency of anemia, microcytosis, and hypochromia.
151
What is the outcome for dogs with portocaval subtype of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated surgically? sweiton, VS 2024.
80% fair, 20% poor
## Footnote
Medical management resulted in 50% fair and 50% poor outcomes.
152
What complications were observed in cats treated with ameroid constrictor ring attenuation for EHPSS? Janas, vet surg 2023.
25% complications
## Footnote
Complications included blindness (10%), ascites, head pressing, seizures, and death.
153
What is the common classification of canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunts? Walsh et al, VRU 2023.
Interlobar and intralobar classifications
## Footnote
Interlobar IPSS arises from the left portal branch; intralobar IPSS originates from the right portal branch in 88% of cases.
154
What predictive factors were identified for outcome after ligation or thin film banding of extrahepatic shunts? Blokland, JVIM 2023.
Albumin, WBC count, and MAT2α
## Footnote
These factors were determined based on plasma albumin concentration and hematologic expression.
155
What is the incidence of postattenuation neurologic signs (PANS) in dogs? Mullins, vet surg 2022.
2-25%
## Footnote
Incidence of seizures ranges from 0-20%.
156
What is the long-term survival rate for dogs > 5yr with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt treated with surgery versus medical management? Wallace, JAVMA 2022.
Surgery: 11 years; Medical management: 3 years
## Footnote
Older dogs have similar surgical mortality rates to dogs of all ages.
157
What is Fuzapladib?
A novel leukocyte function-associated antigen type-1 (LFA-1) activation inhibitor that blocks activation and subsequent adhesion and migration of neutrophils
## Footnote
It potentially decreases the risk of pancreatitis progression and systemic inflammation.
158
What negative prognostic factors were identified in the study of cats with insulinoma? Veytsman, vet surg 2023.
* Young age
* Low serum glucose concentrations
* Metastasis at time of surgery
* Tumor invasion
* Shorter time to euglycemia
## Footnote
The mortality rate was found to be 10% with a median overall survival time of 863 days.
159
What did Petrelli's study in 2023 conclude about serum insulin concentration in dogs with insulinoma?
Serum insulin concentration was not different between dogs with or without metastasis at diagnosis
## Footnote
The degree of insulinemia does not provide further info regarding stage of disease and is not associated with survival time.
160
What was the criterion for considering surgical resection complete in Collgros et al.'s study?
Blood glucose (BG) rose to normal and consistently rising
## Footnote
This study involved 11 cases of dogs.
161
What was the mortality rate for dogs and cats undergoing pancreatic surgery according to Wolfe's study?
* Dogs: 10%
* Cats: 20%
## Footnote
This study covered 81 cases from 2008 to 2019.
162
What neurological manifestations were observed in dogs with insulinoma according to Ryan's study?
* Obtunded mentation
* Forebrain neurolocalisation
## Footnote
These manifestations did not correlate with prognosis.
163
According to Coss's study, what is a predominant feature of canine insulinoma on dual phase computed tomographic angiography?
Hyperattenuation of insulinomas in the arterial phase
## Footnote
This finding differs from other studies and CT angio is accurate in predicting lesion location before surgery.
164
What complication was observed in 33% of dogs after surgical management of insulinoma according to Busto's study?
Postoperative diabetes mellitus
## Footnote
This was a study of 48 dogs.
165
What was the median survival time (MST) for dogs with insulinoma with no metastasis compared to those with stage 2/3 disease? Busto, JVIM 2020.
* No metastasis: 652 days
* Stage 2/3: 320 days
## Footnote
The overall MST was 372 days.
166
True or False: The intraoperative monitoring of blood glucose in Collgros et al.'s study was found to be ineffective.
False
## Footnote
It resulted in the surgeon continuing to explore and resect abnormal tissue until an increase in glycemia was noted.
167
What was the survival rate for dogs treated with surgery for pancreatitis compared to medical treatment? Cleary, JAVMA 2023.
Surgery: 95%
Medical: 57%
## Footnote
This data is based on a study conducted from 2015 to 2021 involving 41 dogs.
168
What is the complication rate for dogs treated with thin film banding (TFB) vs AC for extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts? Matiasovic, vet surg 2020.
28% TFB
35% AC
## Footnote
Comparison to ameroid ring constrictor (AC) which has a complication rate of 35%
169
What percentage of dogs required revision surgery for persistent shunting after treatment with thin film banding (TFB)? Matiasovic, vet surg 2020.
29%
## Footnote
In contrast, 0% required revision surgery after treatment with ameroid ring constrictor (AC)
170
What is the survival rate at 30 days for dogs that experience post-attenuation seizures after surgical correction of single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts? Mullins, vet surg 2020.
32%
## Footnote
Based on a study of 93 cases from 2005 to 2018
171
True or False: Dogs with a history of preoperative seizures have improved short-term survival after experiencing post-attenuation seizures. Mullins, vet surg 2020.
True
## Footnote
This was noted in the study of prognostic factors for short-term survival
172
What percentage of dogs experienced hemorrhage after central division hepatic lobectomies? Linden et al. Vet surg 2019
33%
173
What was the mortality rate associated with central division hepatic lobectomies in the study? Linden et al. Vet surg 2019
11%
174
Which method of catheterization resulted in more complications? Putterman 2021
Retrograde catheterization
175
Which catheterization method is recommended over the other? Putterman 2021
Normograde catheterization is recommended over retrograde catheterization
