Liver Structure and Function

Question 1

what is the largest organ in the body?

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

where is the liver located?

Answer 2

upper right quadrant of abdomen

Question 3

what are the major lobes of the liver?

Answer 3

right and left

Question 4

what are the 2 minor lobes of the liver?

Answer 4

caudate and quadrate

Question 5

where is the entry and exit of blood vessels to the liver?

Answer 5

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery

Question 6

where is the entry and exit of lymphatic vessels, ducts?

Answer 6

right and left hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct

Question 7

where is the entry and exit of nerves?

Answer 7

hepatic nerve plexus via porta on the inferior surface

Question 8

what is the hepatic duct joined by?

Answer 8

cystic duct from the gallbladder

Question 9

what is the liver covered by?

Answer 9

connective tissue capsule and visceral peritoneum except for bare area

Question 10

what does vessels, ducts and nerves follow throughout liver?

Answer 10

septa

Question 11

what does the septa divide liver into?

Answer 11

hexagonal lobules

Question 12

where is a portal triad located at on the liver?

Answer 12

each corner of a hexagonal lobule

Question 13

where does hepatic cords radiate out from?

Answer 13

central veins

Question 14

hepatic cords composed of

Answer 14

hepatocytes

Question 15

what is the spaces between hepatic cords

Answer 15

hepatic sinusoids

Question 16

what is the function of the liver?

Answer 16

production and secretion of bile

Question 17

six components of bile?

Answer 17

bile acids
lecithin
cholesterol
bile pigments
toxic metals 
bicarbonate

Question 18

what is HCO3 secreted by?

Answer 18

duct cells

Question 19

what are bile pigments?

Answer 19

breakdown products of haemoglobin from old/damaged erythrocytes

Question 20

how is bilirubin extracted?

Answer 20

from blood by hepatocytes and secreted into bile = yellow bile

Question 21

what is bilirubin modified by?

Answer 21

bacterial enzymes

Question 22

where is bilirubin reabsorbed?

Answer 22

urine = yellow urine

Question 23

where is bile acids synthesised?

Answer 23

in liver from cholesterol

Question 24

does the conjugation between bile acids and glycine increase or decrease solubility?

Answer 24

increase

Question 25

where is secreted bile recycled?

Answer 25

enterohepatic circulation

Question 26

where would you find the gallbladder?

Answer 26

on inferior surface of liver

Question 27

how big is the gallbladder?

Answer 27

8cm x 4cm

Question 28

what are the three layers in the wall of gallbladder?

Answer 28

mucosa muscularis serosa

Question 29

what type of muscle is the muscularis of the gallbladder?

Answer 29

smooth

Question 30

whats the function of the sphincter of oddi?

Answer 30

Controls release of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum Gallbladder concentrates bile 5-20 times (absorbs Na+ & H2O)

Question 31

what is the significance of CCK to the gallbladder?

Answer 31

Sphincter of Oddi relaxes | Gallbladder contracts

Question 32

acid in the duodenum creates a rise in?

Answer 32

secretin

Question 33

what impact does secretin have on gastric acid secretion?

Answer 33

decreases

Question 34

what impact does secretin have on gastric emptying?

Answer 34

decreases

Question 35

what impact does secretin have on duodenal HCO3 secretion

Answer 35

increases

Question 36

what impact does secretin have on pancreatic HCO3 secretion?

Answer 36

increases

Question 37

what impact does secretin have on bile duct HCO3 secretion?

Answer 37

increases

Question 38

what reaction does an increase of fat/amino acid in duodenum cause?

Answer 38

increase of CCK

Question 39

what impact does CCK have on gastric emptying?

Answer 39

decreases

Question 40

what impact does CCK have on pancreatic enzyme secretion

Answer 40

increases

Question 41

what impact does CCK have on the gallbladder?

Answer 41

contraction

Question 42

what impact does CCK have on the sphincter of oddi?

Answer 42

relaxation

Question 43

what gives the branching effect of the liver?

Answer 43

connective tissue capsule

Question 44

what creates support to the liver?

Answer 44

network of septa into the body of the liver

Question 45

what is the function of bile acids, lecithin, cholesterol?

Answer 45

solubilse fat and synthesised in liver

Question 46

where are toxic metals detoxified?

Answer 46

in the liver

Question 47

``` where are Bile acids (2) Lecithin (3) Cholesterol (4) Bile Pigments Bilirubin (from haemoglobin) (5) Toxic Metals secreted? ```

Answer 47

hepatocytes

Question 48

what happens when sphincter of oddi contracts?

Answer 48

its closed- bile forced back into gallbladder

Question 49

what triggers the release of CCK?

Answer 49

fat in duodenum

Question 50

what does the discharge of bile into duodenum trigger?

Answer 50

fat solubilisation