Liver - Structure and Function

Question 1

Where is the liver located?

Answer 1

Upper right quadrant against inferior surface of diaphragm

Question 2

What are the 2 major lobes?

Answer 2

Left

Right

Question 3

What are the 2 minor lobes?

Answer 3

Caudate

Quadrate

Question 4

What structures enter/exit via the porta on the inferior surface of the liver?

Answer 4

Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Ducts
Nerves

Question 5

What blood vessels go through the porta?

Answer 5

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

Question 6

Which ducts go through the porta?

Answer 6

Right and left hepatic ducts

Question 7

What nerves go through the porta?

Answer 7

Hepatic nerve plexus

Question 8

What 2 ducts form the common bile duct?

Answer 8

Common hepatic duct

Cystic duct

Question 9

What 2 ducts enter the major duodenal papilla?

Answer 9

Common bile duct

Pancreatic duct

Question 10

Whats another name for the major duodenal papilla?

Answer 10

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 11

How is the liver covered?

Answer 11

Connective tissue capsule

Visceral peritoneum

Question 12

What is the bare area of the liver?

Answer 12

Small area of liver next to diaphragm with no peritoneum

Covered by coronary ligament

Question 13

What happens to the connective tissue capsule at the porta?

Answer 13

Branches network of septa into the body of the liver for support

Question 14

What shape does the septa divide the liver?

Answer 14

Into hexagonal lobules

Question 15

What makes up the portal triad?

Answer 15

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic duct

Question 16

Where is the portal triad?

Answer 16

Located at each corner of hexagonal lobules

Question 17

Where are central veins located?

Answer 17

At the centre of each lobule

Question 18

Where does the central veins drain to?

Answer 18

Hepatic veins –> IVC

Question 19

What attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

Answer 19

Coronary ligament

Question 20

What are hepatic cords?

Answer 20

Composed of hepatocytes

Radiate out from central veins

Question 21

What lies between cells within each cord?

Answer 21

Bile canaliculus

Question 22

What is bile canaiculus?

Answer 22

Open channel that runs up the centre in between cells

Question 23

What are the spaces between hepatic cords?

Answer 23

Hepatic sinusoids (blood channels)

Question 24

What type of capillaries does the liver have?

Answer 24

Discontinuous

Question 25

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

Answer 25

Bile synthesis Nutrient storage Nutrient interconversion Detoxification

Question 26

What is the only nutrient that the gut regulates?

Answer 26

Iron

Question 27

What happens when the liver has reached its maximum storage limit for glycogen?

Answer 27

Liver converts glucose into other sources of energy (e.g. fat)

Question 28

What is the alimentary role of the liver?

Answer 28

Production and secretion of bile

Question 29

What are the 6 components of bile?

Answer 29

``` Bile acids Lecithin Cholesterol Bile pigments Toxic metals Bicarbonate ```

Question 30

What do bile acids, lecithin and cholesterol do?

Answer 30

solubilise fat | synthesised in the liver

Question 31

What happens to toxic metals in the liver?

Answer 31

They are detoxified

Question 32

What does bicarbonate do?

Answer 32

Neutralises acid chyme

Question 33

Out of the 6 components of bile, which is not secreted by hepatocytes and what secretes it?

Answer 33

Bicarbonate | Secreted by duct cells

Question 34

What are bile pigments?

Answer 34

Breakdown products of haemoglobin from old/damaged erythrocytes

Question 35

Where does yellow bile come from?

Answer 35

Bilirubin extracted from blood by hepatocytes and secreted into bile

Question 36

Where does brown faeces come from?

Answer 36

Bilirubin modified by bacterial enzymes to form brown pigments

Question 37

Where does yellow urine come from?

Answer 37

Reabsorbed bilirubin excreted in urine

Question 38

How are bile acids synthesised?

Answer 38

In liver from cholesterol

Question 39

What happens with bile acid before secretion?

Answer 39

Bile acids conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile salts which increases solubility

Question 40

What is secreted bile salts recycled?

Answer 40

Via enterohepatic circulation | liver - bile duct - duodenum - ileum - hepatic portal vein - liver

Question 41

What happens when bile is not required?

Answer 41

It is stored in the gallbladder and released when needed

Question 42

What are the 3 layers in the wall of the gallbladder?

Answer 42

Mucosa Muscularis Serosa

Question 43

What is role of mucosa in the gallbladder?

Answer 43

Folded into rugae for expansion

Question 44

What is the role of muscularis in the gallbladder?

Answer 44

Smooth muscle for contraction

Question 45

What makes up the serosa of the gallbladder?

Answer 45

Connective tissue

Question 46

What is the role of the sphincter of Oddi?

Answer 46

Controls release of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

Question 47

What happens when the sphincter of oddi is closed?

Answer 47

Bile is forced back into the gallbladder

Question 48

What does the gallbladder do to bile?

Answer 48

Concentrates bile 5-20 times

Question 49

What is triggered with fat in the duodenum?

Answer 49

Release of CCK

Question 50

What does the release of CCK do?

Answer 50

Causes sphincter of oddi to relax and gallbladder contracts | Causes pancreatic enzyme secretion and bile secretion