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Anesthesia Pharm - Spring 2025 > Local Anesthetics II (Exam IV) > Flashcards

Local Anesthetics II (Exam IV) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average pKa of local anesthetics?

A

8

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2
Q

What is the function of the Alkalinization of LA Solutions?

What are the benefits of alkalinization?

A

Alkalinization increases the percentage of lipid-soluble or non-ionized forms.

  • Faster onset of action
  • Speeds onset of peripheral and epidural blocks by 3 to 5 mins.
  • Enhances the depth
  • Increase the spread (i.e., epidural)
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3
Q

Regarding weak bases, the pKa is ________ pH.

A

before

ex. pKa 9, pH 7 → 9 - 7 = +2

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4
Q

Regarding weak acids, the pKa is ________ pH.

A

after

ex. pKa 9, pH 7 → 7 - 9 = -2

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5
Q

Nicely negative numbers are _________.

A

non-ionized

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6
Q

If Drug V (weak base) has a pKa of 9.1, will the drug be more ionized or nonionized at physiological pH?

A

pKa - pH
9.1 - 7.4 = +1.7

Drug V will be more ionized at physiological pH.

Weak Bases, pKa before pH
Weak Acids, pKa afterpH

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7
Q

If the pKa of LA (a weak base) is at 4.5, will the drug be more ionized or nonionized at physiological pH?

A

pKa - pH
4.5 - 7.4 = -2.9

LA will be more non-ionized at physiological pH.

Weak Bases, pKa before pH
Weak Acids, pKa afterpH

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8
Q

LA1’s pKa is 9.2, and LA2’s pKa is 7.5. Which of the following are correct when placed in physiological pH? Select 2 answers.

A. LA2 has more non-ionized components
B. LA1 has more ionized components
C. LA2 has more ionized components
D. LA1 has more non-ionized components

A

B and C

LA1
9.2 - 7.4 = +1.8 (ionized)

LA2
7.5 - 7.4 = +0.1 (ionized)

Weak Bases, pKa before pH
Weak Acids, pKa afterpH

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9
Q

What adjuvant medications prolong the duration of local anesthetics?

A
  • Dexmedetomidine
  • Magnesium
  • Clonidine
  • Ketamine
  • Dexamethasone
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10
Q

Adjuvant mixed with LAs:

Dexmedetomidine IV?

A

Increased duration of:
-Both motor and sensory blocks
-First analgesic request after spinal anestheisa.

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11
Q

Adjuvant mixed with LAs:

Magnisum IV?

A

Increased duration with SAB with or without opioids.

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12
Q

Adjuvant mixed with LAs:

Clonidine & ketamine?

A

Pediatric regional anesthesia has a prolonged duration.

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13
Q

Adjuvant mixed with LAs:

Dexamethasone?

A

Increased duration either IV or mixed with LA.

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14
Q

What will be the results of combining LA Chloroprocaine & Bupivacaine?

A
  • Produce a rapid onset
  • Tachyphylaxis (bupivacaine)
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15
Q

What is added to 30 mL of LA to alkalinize the drug?

A

1 mL of 8.4% Sodium Bicarbonate

  • chloroprocaine & bupivacaine combo.

This will increase the non-ionized form of LA.
Make sure the mixture does not contain any precipitate.

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16
Q

Combining local anesthetics and getting toxic effects is a synergistic process. T/F ?

A

False. Additive. (1+1 =2)

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17
Q

Compare the onset of action between chloroprocaine and bupivacaine.

A

Chloroprocaine: Rapid
Bupivacaine: Slow

Both medications have the same potency of 4!

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18
Q

What vasoconstrictors can be utilized with local anesthetics?

A

Epinephrine
Phenylephrine

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19
Q

Why is it important to use vasoconstrictors with LA?

A

The duration of action of a LA is proportional to the time the drug is in contact with nerve fibers. For this reason, epinephrine may be added to LA solutions to produce vasoconstriction, which limits systemic absorption and maintains the drug concentration in the vicinity of the nerve fibers to be anesthetized.

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20
Q

What are the results of using vasoconstrictors with LA?

A
  • Produce vasoconstriction
  • Increased neuronal uptake of LA
  • α-adrenergic effects may have some degree of analgesia
  • No effect on the onset rate of LA
  • Enhanced cardiac irritability with inhaled anesthetics
  • Systemic absorption → HTN (tachycardia)
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21
Q

What is epinephrine 1:200,000 mean?

Convert that to mcg/mL.

A

1:200,000 means 1 gram of epinephrine is dissolved in 200,000 mL of solvent.

  • 1g/200,000 mL
  • 1000mg/200,000 mL
  • 1 mg/200 mL
  • 1000 mcg/200 mL
  • 10 mcg/2 mL
  • 5 mcg/mL
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22
Q

Compute 1:500,000 to mcg/mL

A

2 mcg/mL

  • 1 g/500,000 mL
  • 1000 mg/500,000 mL
  • 1 mg /500 mL
  • 1000 mcg/500 mL
  • 10 mcg/5 mL
  • 2 mcg/mL

Shortcut: 1,000,000 divided by the solvent number. 1 million/500,000 = 2 mcg/mL

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23
Q

How much epinephrine or phenylephrine is given with bupivacaine or lidocaine for a subarachnoid block (SAB)?

A
  • 0.2 mg Epi
  • 2 mg Phenylephrine
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24
Q

Compute 1:500,000 Epi to mcg/mL

A

1,000,000/ 500,000=2

2 mcg/mL

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25
Compute 1:10,000 Epi to mcg/mL
1,000,000/ 10,000 = 100 **100 mcg/mL**
26
Compute 1:1000 Epi to mcg/mL
1,000,000/ 1000 = 1000 **1000 mcg/mL**
27
0.25% equates to how many mg per mL ?
2.5 mg/mL
28
0.5% equates to how many milligrams per milliliter?
5 mg/mL
29
1% equates to how many milligrams per mL ?
10 mg/mL
30
2% equates to how many milligrams per mL ?
20 mg/mL *2% lidocaine is the most common concentration used in the OR*
31
4% equates to how many milligrams per mL ?
40 mg/mL
32
Your surgeon injected 20 mLs of Bupivacaine 0.25% with 1:200,000 of Epi. What are the total mgs for Bupivacaine and the total mcgs for Epinephrine?
Bupivacaine: 0.25% = 2.5 mgs/mL 2.5 mgs x 20 mLs = 50 mgs total Epinephrine: 1:200,000 = 5 mcg/mL 5 mcg x 20 mLs = 100 mcg total
33
What is the Lidocaine Recommended Max Single Dose for Spinal?
100 mg
34
Mepivacaine Recommended Max Single Dose Mepivacaine Recommended Max Single Dose with/Epi Mepivacaine Recommended Max Single Dose for Spinal
400 mg 500 mg w/ Epi 100 mg
35
Prilocaine Recommended Max Single Dose
600 mg
36
Bupivacaine Recommended Max Single Dose Bupivacaine Recommended Max Single Dose with/Epi Bupivacaine Recommended Max Single Dose for Spinal
175 mg (infiltration, PNB, Epidural) 225 mg w/ Epi (infiltration, PNB, Epidural) 20 mg (spinal max dose)
37
112.5 mg of Bupivacaine with Epi and 250 mg of Lidocaine with Epi were given during surgery. What are the percentages of each LA based on the recommended max single dose in mg?
Max single dose of Bupivacaine with Epi: 225 mg 112.5/225 = 50% Max single dose of Lidocaine with Epi: 500 mg 250/500 = 50%
38
Where are topical anesthetics applicable?
Applicable on the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, tracheobronchial tree, esophagus, or GU tract.
39
Which anesthetic has localized vasoconstriction that will decrease blood loss and improve surgical visualization?
Cocaine (4-10%)
40
Topical Anesthesia: which medications are commonly used?
Cocaine (4 to 10%) > tetracaine (1-2 %) > lidocaine (2-4%)
41
Which anesthetic is great with surface anesthesia?
Lidocaine (2-4%)
42
Lidocaine inhalation does not alter airway resistance, but does cause ______.
vasodilation
43
Which local anesthetics are *not* effective for topical anesthesia?
Procaine and Chloroprocaine *These drugs do not penetrate mucous membranes as effectively as cocaine or lidocaine.*
44
What is does LTA stand for?
* Lidocaine tracheal anesthesia * Localized tracheal anesthesia
45
Eutectic Mixture of LA (EMLA) contains what two local anesthetics? Dose: Onset:
Lidocaine 2.5% + Prilocaine 2.5% = 5% LA Dose: 1 to 2 g/ 10 cm2 area Onset: 45 mins
46
Readiness of EMLA?
45 min OOA
47
EMLA has to be applied for ______ hours before skin graft.
2 hours
48
EMLA can be applied for 10 minutes before any of these procedures:
- Cautery of genital warts - Venipuncture, lumbar puncture - Arterial cannulation (Nitroglycerine) - Myringotomy
49
What considerations should one have when using EMLA ?
* Caution with methemoglobinemia * No open skin wounds * Contraindicated with amide allergy
50
Other Topical Anesthesia Preparations besides EMLA
* Amethocaine (EMLA-like) * Tetracaine 4% Gel * Lidocaine 7% * Tetracaine 7%
51
What is considered local infiltration with LA?
Extravascular placement of LA (subcutaneous injection)
52
What LAs are used on inguinal operative sites?
* Lidocaine 1% or 2% * Ropivacaine 0.25% * Bupivacaine 0.25%
53
Duration of LAs via local infiltration?
doubled by adding Epi 1:200,000
54
What are the contraindications of using epinephrine on LA for local infiltrations?
* Not intracutaneously or into tissues at end arteries * Fingers, toes, ears, nose, penis *Can cause necrosis.*
55
How is Peripheral Nerve Block achieved? MOA?
Achieved by LA injection into tissues surrounding individual peripheral nerves or nerve plexuses. MOA: diffusion from outer mantle to central core of nerve along a concentration gradient. *** Smallest sensory and ANS fibers first, then larger motor and proprioceptive axons.***
56
What area (proximal or distal) is affected first with local anesthetic administration?
The proximal area (site of LA administration) is affected first and then distal.
57
When the peripheral nerve block is wearing off, what comes back first? Proximal or Distal?
Proximal comes back first & then distal.
58
Peripheral Nerve Block onset of action is dependent on the local anesthetic's _________.
pK
59
OOA of peripheral nerve blocks for lidocaine and bupivacaine?
Lidocaine: 3 mins bupivacaine: 15 mins
60
The duration of a peripheral nerve block depends on the _____ of the local anesthetic.
dose ex. bupivacaine with epi/fentanyl/clonidine = 12 to 18 hrs.
61
What are the benefits of a continuous infusion block?
* Improved pain control * Less nausea * Greater satisfaction * Additives are used with continuous infusion blocks (ie: Ketolorac, Ketamine, Decadron)
62
What is a Regional Bier Block?
Bier Block IV injection of LA into an extremity isolated from the rest of the systemic circulation with a tourniquet. Sensation and muscle tone return dependent on tourniquet release
63
Can ester or amide LA be used for IV regional anesthesia?
Mepivacaine>lidocaine
64
What LA is commonly used in Bier Block?
Lidocaine
65
What are the steps to performing a Bier Block?
IV start Exsanguination Double cuff LA injection IV D/C
66
What is the sequence of blockades for a segmental block in Neuraxial Anesthesia?
1. SNS (Myelinated preganglionic B fibers) 2. Sensory (Myelinated A, B fibers, unmyelinated C fibers) 3. Motor (Myelinated A-δ and unmyelinated C fibers)
67
Which of the following will be the last sign associated with injection of an anesthetic for neuraxial blockade? A. NIBP B. Heart Rate C. Cold Alcohol Pad D. Leg Movement
D. Leg Movement
68
How is a Spinal Anesthesia Block (SAB) produced?
Produced by direct injection of LA into the subarachnoid space.
69
What is used for confirmation of a Spinal Anesthesia Block (SAB)?
CSF
70
What is the principal site of action for sub arachnoid block?
Preganglionic fiber
71
For SAB, the _______ effect is on the same level of denervation.
sensory
72
For SAB, the _______ effect is 2 spinal segments cephalad of the sensory block. For SAB, the _______ effect is 2 spinal segments below the sensory block.
SNS Motor
73
If the sensory block is at T5, where is the SNS block?
T3 *This SNS block will trigger an asystole event.*
74
What dermatomes correspond with our cardiac accelerator?
T1 to T4
75
Clinical Scenario Slide: If the assessed sensory level after SAB is T6 ( Top of Xiphoid Process), what are the blocked SNS and motor levels?
SNS Block: T4 Motor Block: T8
76
What are the most common local anesthetics used in SABs ?
Most common: Tetracaine, Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine, and Levobupivacaine
77
What factors affect SAB dosage?
* Height of patient (volume of subarachnoid space) * Segmental level of anesthesia desired * Duration of anesthesia desired
78
For SAB, _____ is more important than _______ of drug (%) or the volume (mLs) of the solution injection.
Dose; Concentration
79
What is the dose of bupivacaine for the scenario below? 5 ft tall patient = _____mL of 0.75% Bupivacaine + ______ mL for every inch above…. 2 cc total ( 1½ hours to 2 hours)
1 mL 0.1 mL *For someone who is 5'5", you will give 1.5 mL of bupivacaine for a SAB.*
80
What dose of 0.75% bupivacaine would be indicated for a 6'7" patient undergoing a SAB?
2.9mL 1mL for 5ft tall 1.9mL for other 19inches
81
For SAB, the _________ of LA is important in determining the spread of the drug.
specific gravity
82
What can be added to LA so that its specific gravity can increase? What can be added to LA so that its specific gravity can decrease?
Glucose added → hyperbaric solution. Distilled water added → hypobaric solution
83
Which side will you want to position a right-hip arthroplasty patient on if they receive a hyperbaric LA solution?
Right side lying, the hyperbaric solution will "sink."
84
Which side will you want to position a right-hip arthroplasty patient on if they receive a hypobaric LA solution?
Left side lying, the hypobaric solution will "float".
85
What is the most common LA used in Epidural Anesthesia?
Lidocaine *Good diffusion through tissue and safer*
86
Levobupivacaine and ropivacaine:
Less than bupivacaine, but still with cardiac and CNS toxicity.
87
What is the onset of epidural anesthesia?
Onset: 15 to 30 minutes
88
Epi 1:200,000 with ___________ offers no advantage in an epidural block.
bupivacaine
89
Can epidural anesthesia cross the placental barrier with OB and C-section patients?
Yes
90
With OB: Which will cross more, bupivacaine or lidocaine via the epidural route?
Lidocaine
91
When will the fetus be affected by the epidural medication?
At 24 to 48 hours.
92
What is the difference between SAB and epidural blocks?
No differential zone of SNS, sensory, and motor blockade. Larger dose required with SAB.
93
What is considered an acceptable additive to both epidural and SAB to produce a synergistic effect?
Opioids
94
What is Tumescent liposuction?
Subcutaneous infiltration of large volume (5L or more)
95
What makes up the tumescent solution?
* Diluted Lidocaine (0.05% to 0.1%) * Epinephrine 1:100,000
96
What causes the tumescent effect?
The taunt stretching of overlying blanched skin d/t large volume → Tumescent Effect *Fat can be aspirated without blood loss and provide prolonged post-op analgesia.*
97
Where is tumescent usually administered?
* Thigh * Abdomen * Hips * Buttocks
98
When is the plasma peak for tumescent anesthesia?
12 to 14 hours s/p injection.
99
What is the dose for Regional Anesthesia Lidocaine with Epi?
7 mg/kg
100
Highly diluted Lidocaine with Epi Tumescent dose.
35 to 55 mg/kg
101
What is the theory with the Tissue Buffering System?
1 gram of SQ can absorb up to 1 mg of Lidocaine

Anesthesia Pharm - Spring 2025 (20 decks)

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