Lower Airway

Question 1

What is the diameter of the trachea?

Answer 1

Extends from the larynx to the region of 5th thoracic verterbra where bifurcation takes place.

10-11cm in length, 2.5cm in diameter
Cartilaginous c shaped rings . 16-20 in number
Terminating at the carina

Question 2

What is the outer layer of the trachea made up of?

Answer 2

Fibrous, elastic tissue, encloses the cartilage

Question 3

What is the middle layer of the trachea made of?

Answer 3

Cartilage, and bands of smooth muscle

Question 4

What is the inner layer of the trachea made of?

Answer 4

Ciliates columnar epithelium with Goblet cells

Question 5

What is the function of the lower airway?

Answer 5

Support/ latency, mucocilisry escalator and cough reflex

Question 6

Where does the trachea terminate?

Answer 6

The carina where it bifurcates into the left and right main bronchus

Question 7

What does the bronchi and bronchioles divide into?

Answer 7

Divides into;
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Alveoli - external respiration take place

Question 8

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 8

3 lobes

Question 9

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 9

2 lobes to make room for the heart - cardiac notch

Question 10

What is the cardiac notch!

Answer 10

Makes room for the heart in the left lung

Question 11

What are the lungs made of?

Answer 11

Spongy and highly elastic and made from alveoli and tissue

Question 12

What id the top of the lung called?

Answer 12

The apex and lives 1” above the clavicle

Question 13

What id the top of the lung called?

Answer 13

The apex and lives 1” above the clavicle

Question 14

What is the bottom of the lung called?

Answer 14

The base

Question 15

What are the lungs divided into?

Answer 15

The superior (top)? The middle and the inferior (bottom lone)

Question 16

What are the bronchus divided into?

Answer 16

Main bronchus primary
Lobar (secondary bronchus)
Segmental (tertiary) bronchus

Question 17

What is the hilum point?

Answer 17

Entry point for;

Blood vessels -
Pulmonary arteries and veins

The bronchi x 2

Lymph vessels

Nerves (parasympathetic and sympathetic

At level of t5 to t7

Question 18

What is the serous membrane?

Answer 18

Double Layers that Covers the lungs and the inside of the chest wall

Question 19

What is the visceral layer?

Answer 19

Covers the lungs

Question 20

What is the parietal layer?

Answer 20

Layer covering the inside of the chest wall

Question 21

What is between the 2 layers in the lungs?

Answer 21

Filled with serous fluid which prevents friction, this helps in the expansion of the chest wall during inspiration.

Question 22

What are alveoli surrounded by?

Answer 22

Capillaries. The alveolar wall and the capillary wall are fused firmly together forming the respiratory membrane.

Question 23

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 23

Dome shaped muscular structure.
Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Has a central tendon which muscle fibres radiate from and attach to the ribs; sternum and vertebrae.

Question 24

How many pairs are there of intercostal muscles that occupy y the spaces between the 12 pair of ribs

Answer 24

11 pairs and arranged in 2 layers, internal and external

Question 25

How many pairs are there of intercostal muscles that occupy y the spaces between the 12 pair of ribs

Answer 25

11 pairs and arranged in 2 layers, internal and external

Question 26

What are the principla muscles of inspiration?

Answer 26

External intercostals . Interchondral part of internal intercostals (also elevates ribs) Diaphragm (some descends, increasing vertical dimension of thorac cavity , also elevates lower ribs) Rib cage moves out and up Diaphragm moves down Lung pressure decreases and air rushes in

Question 27

What are the principle muscles of expiration?

Answer 27

Internal intercostals, except interchondral part Abdominals pull ribs down compress abdominal contents thus pushing diaphragm up. Lung pressure increases and air pushes out

Question 28

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

Answer 28

Sternocleidastoid (Elevates sternum) Scalenes group (Elevates upper ribs) Pectoralis minor

Question 29

What are the accessory muscles of expiration?

Answer 29

Internal intercostals muscles and rectus abdominal muscles

Question 30

Where does the bronchi enter the lungs?

Answer 30

The bronchi enters the lungs at the Hilum along with blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels.

Question 31

What does the bronchus divide into?

Answer 31

The secondary bronchus which go into the lobes of the lungs, 3 in the right and 2 into the left. These then continue to branch off and become smaller and smaller bronchioles.

Question 32

What does the bronchus divide into?

Answer 32

The secondary bronchus which go into the lobes of the lungs, 3 in the right and 2 into the left. These then continue to branch off and become smaller and smaller bronchioles.

Question 33

Where is the cardiac notch?

Answer 33

Found on the medial aspect of the left lung, accommodated the heart

Question 34

What do the bronchi and bronchioles do?

Answer 34

Control air entry into the lungs by smooth muscle contraction and relaxation which changes the diameter of the respiratory diameter. smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.