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Pathophysiology II - MSK > Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the deep fascia of the leg which covers the thigh and gluteal muscles?

What does this aid in?

A

Fascia Lata

Venous Return

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2
Q

The femoral neurovascular bundle travels beneath what structure?

A

The inguinal ligament

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3
Q

From laterally to medial, name the structures the pass through the inguinal ligament.

A

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Inguinal Lymph Nodes

(Remember NAVL)

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4
Q

The ________ vein quickly branches off the femoral vein and passes through the _______ canal

A

Saphenous

Femoral

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5
Q

What are the THREE main nerves of the lower extremity?

From which plexus do they originate?

A

Obturator (Lumbar Plexus)

Femoral (Lumbar Plexus)

Sciatic (Sacral Plexus)

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6
Q

T/F: All motor and almost all sensory BELOW THE KNEE in innervated by branches of the femoral nerve

A

False

It is innervated by the sciatic nerve

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7
Q

The femoral nerve is a branch of the ________ plexus and supplies the _________ compartment of the thigh.

Which lumbar vertebrae is this derived from?

A

Lumbar Plexus

Anterior Compartment

L2, L3, L4

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8
Q

The sciatic nerve is derived from the ________ plexus and will supply the __________ compartment of the thigh and lower leg

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

Posterior Compartment

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9
Q

What are the ‘roots’ of the lumbosacral plexus?

A 
L4
L5
S1
S2
S3
S4
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10
Q

The gluteal and sub-gluteal muscles are innervated by branches of the _______ plexus

A

Sacral

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11
Q

T/F: External genitalia are innervated by the lumbar plexus?

A

False

They are innervated by the sacral plexus

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12
Q

Which fibers of the sacral plexus compose the pudendal Nerve?

A

S2, S3, S4

Remember…. “S2, S3, S4 keep you pudendum off the floor”

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13
Q

Holding the hips in flexion for and extended period of time could injury what nerves?

A

Femoral Nerve

Obturator Nerve

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14
Q

Applying deep lateral lower leg pressure for an extended period of time could injury which nerve of the lower leg?

A

Common Fibular Nerve

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15
Q

Which branch of the common illiacs supplies the gluteal and subgluteal muscles?

A

Internal Illiac

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16
Q

Which branch of the common illiacs supplies blood to the legs?

A

External illiac

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17
Q

Which TWO branches of the posterior internal illiac supply the gluteal muscles?

A

Superior gluteal artery

Inferior gluteal artery

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18
Q

Which branch of the anterior internal illiac supplies the perinuem and the external gentilia?

A

Internal Pudenal Artery

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19
Q

Which branch of the anterior interior illiac supplies the adductor muscles?

A

Obturator Artery

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20
Q

The external illiac artery becomes the _______ artery once it passes through the ________ ligament

A

Femoral Artery

Inguinal Ligament

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21
Q

Which branches of the femoral artery supply the head and neck of the femur?

A

Medial Femoral Artery

Lateral Femoral Circumflex

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22
Q

Which branch of the femoral artery supplies the adductors, hamstrings, and quadriceps?

A

Deep Femoral Artery

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23
Q

As the femoral artery continues to travel inferiorly down the leg, it will eventually become what artery?

A

The Popliteal Artery

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24
Q

The popliteal artery will give off what branches, which supply the knee?

A

Geniculars

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25
Q

As the popliteal artery travels inferiorly it will split into what TWO arteries?

Where and what do each of these supply?

A

Anterior Tibal Artery
- Anterior Leg muscles

Posterior Tibal Artery
- Flexor Muscles, arch of the feet

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26
Q

The obturator artery travels through which foramen of the pelvis?

A

Obturator Foramen

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27
Q

T/F: The obturator artery supplies blood to the femoral head

A

True

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28
Q

What may happen to the femoral if its blood supply is compromised?

What are causes of this?

A

Avascular Necrosis

Femoral Neck Fx (Trauma)
Radiation & Chemotherapy
Steroid Use
Alcohol Abuse

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29
Q

The great saphenous vein empties into the _________ vein and the small saphenous vein empties into the _________ vein

A

Great saphenous vein empties into the femoral vein

Small saphenous vein empties into the popliteal vein

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30
Q

Is the femoral vein a deep or superficial vein?

Saphenous vein?

A

Femoral Vein: Depp

Saphenous Vein: Superficial

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31
Q

T/F: The femoral artery is a common cannulation site for cardiac procedures

A

True

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32
Q

Which muscles compose the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg?

Superficial posterior compartment?

A

Deep:

Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallicus Longus
Tibialis Posterior

Superficial:

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
+/- Plantaris

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33
Q

What actions are the posterior compartments of the lower leg responsible for?

A

Plantar Flexion

Toe Felxion

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34
Q

Which nerve innervated the posterior compartments of the lower leg?

A

Tibial Nerve

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35
Q

What muscles compose the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallicus Longus

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36
Q

What actions are the anterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for?

A

Dosriflexion
Inversion
Toe Extension

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37
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

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38
Q

What muscles are located in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

Peroneus Longus

Peroneus Brevis

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39
Q

What actions are the lateral compartment responsible for?

A

Plantar flexion

Eversion

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40
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

Superficial Fibular Nerve

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41
Q

All nerves innervating the compartments of the lower leg are branches of the _________ nerve

A

Sciatic

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42
Q

Which nerve of the lower leg is a branch off of both the tibial and common fibular nerves?

This is a sensory nerve of the lower leg and foot.

A

Sural Nerve

Again, because it is a branch off the tibial and fibular nerves it is derived from the sciatic nerve

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43
Q

The sural nerve provides sensory to what parts of the leg?

A

Lateral Lower Leg

Lateral Foot

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44
Q

The saphenous nerve is a branch off what nerve?

Where does it provide sensory?

A

Femoral Nerve

Medial (some anterior and posterior) Lower leg

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45
Q

Synarthroses is used to describe a __________ (immovable/slightly movable/freely movable) joint

A

Immovable

46
Q

Amphiarthroses is used to describe a __________ (immovable/slightly movable/freely movable) joint

A

Slightly Movable

47
Q

Diarthroses is used to describe a __________ (immovable/slightly movable/freely movable) joint

A

Freely Movable

48
Q

What are FOUR ways to classify a joint based on the material binding them together and/or the presence or absence of a joint cavity

A

Bony Fusion
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial

49
Q

Ligaments connect ____ to _____

A

Bone to bone

50
Q

Which has more movement?

Long Ligaments

or

Short Ligaments

A

Long Ligaments

51
Q

What is the name of the long ligament that runs between the tibia and fibula?

This is often injured in high ankle sprains.

A

Syndesmoses

52
Q

Do cartilagenous joints typically have a joint cavity?

A

No

53
Q

Are cartilagenous joints highly mobile?

A

No

54
Q

The symphysis pubis joint is a ________ (cartilagenous/synovial) joint

A

Cartilagenous Joint

55
Q

Are synchondroses (cartilage union of bones) highly mobile or immobile?

Name two examples of the above

A

Immobile

Emphyseal Plates
First rib with the mandibrum

56
Q

Intervertebral discs are an example of a ________ (synchondroses/symphyses/synovial joint)

A

Symphyses

57
Q

Name TWO functions of a symphyses?

A

Shock Absorption

Provide Strength and Flexibility

58
Q

What are the “spongy cushions” on the ends of bones to protect them from crushing or rubbing into one another?

A

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage

59
Q

What is the potential space between to bones in a joint referred to as?

A

Joint Cavity

60
Q

What is the tissue surrounding a joint called?

This often has an inner and outer layer.

A

Articular (Joint) Capsule

61
Q

Which layer of the joint capsule is composed of dense irregular connextive tissue that is continuous to the periosteum?

A

Outer Layer

62
Q

Which layer of the joint capsule has a synovial membrane of loose connective tissue, makes synovial fluid, and lines all internal joint surfaces NOT covered by cartilage?

A

Inner

63
Q

What portion of a synovial joint is formed from blood filtrate and rich in glycoproteins?

It also helps to nourish cartilage and lubricate the joint

A

Synovial Flood

64
Q

Most reinforcing ligaments of a synovial joint are _________, which are thickened portions of the joint capsule

A

Capsular

65
Q

T/F: Joints have a poor blood supply

A

False

Joints have a rich blood supply

66
Q

Joints have extensive _______ beds in the synovial membranes

A

Capillary

67
Q

Other than detecting pain……

What is another job nerves due in a synovial joint?

A

Monitor Stretch

68
Q

What is the function of the meniscus in the knee?

A

Stabilization

69
Q

What are the flattened sacs lined by synovial membranes in joints called?

These often are found where tendons, ligaments, muscles, and/or bone overlie one another to prevent friction

A

Bursae

70
Q

What structure can be found on tendons to prevent friction?

A

Tendon Sheaths

71
Q

What is the term for inflammation of a bursa?

A

Bursitis

72
Q

What THREE things aid in joint stability?

A

Articular Surfaces (ie: Ball and socket)
Ligaments
Muscle Tone

73
Q

Ligaments can only be stretched up to __% beyond normal until they tear

A

6%

74
Q

T/F: Once a ligament is stretched, it can return to its normal length over time

A

False

Once a ligament is stretched it’ll stay stretched

75
Q

Synovial joints allow for what types of movements

A

Pretty much all movements

76
Q

Synovial Joints are classified by the shape of their articular surface…..

What are some examples of these?

A 
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle 
Ball-and-Socket
77
Q

The hip joint (femur + acetabulum) is what type of joint?

A

Ball and Socket

78
Q

The knee joint (femur + patella) is what type of joint?

A

Plane

Allows for gliding of the patella

79
Q

The Knee joint (Femur + Tibia) is what type of joint?

A

Hinge

80
Q

What THREE external ligaments help secure the head of the femur in the acetabulum?

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

81
Q

What is also carried with the ligament of the head of the femur?

A

Its artery

82
Q

The femur and tibia are both considered ___________ (monocondyloid, bicondyloid, polycondyloid)

A

Bicondyloid

83
Q

The patellar ligament is a continuation of the ________ tendon

A

Quadriceps tendon

84
Q

What ligaments are located on the medial and lateral aspects of the knee?

A

Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament

Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament

85
Q

What are the TWO cruciate ligaments of the knee?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

86
Q

Which ligament of the knee prevents anterior translation of the tibia?

A

ACL

87
Q

Which ligament of the knee prevents posterior translation of the tibia?

A

PCL

88
Q

Which ligament of the knee is commonly injured in “stop and twist” movements?

A

ACL

89
Q

What are TWO functions of the foot?

A

Support your body weight

Act as a lever while walking to lift body weight upward

90
Q

Which bone of the foot articulates with the tibia and fibula?

A

Talus

91
Q

Which bone of the foot lies inferior to the talus?

A

Calcaneus

92
Q

What SEVEN bones compose the tarus?

A 
Calcaneous
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneifom x3
93
Q

The medial melleolus is the distal portion of which bone?

The lateral malleolus is the distal protion of which bone?

A

Medial: Tibia

Lateral: Fibula

94
Q

During walking, the talus distributes half the weight onto the ________ and the other half onto the other tarsal bones.

A

Calcaneous

95
Q

T/F: There is no true motion between tib-fib joint

A

True

96
Q

What THREE ‘bones’ compose the talocrural joint?

A

Medial Malleolus
Lateral Malleolus
Talus

97
Q

What TWO motions are the talocrural joint responsible for?

A

Plantar Flexion

Dorsi Flexion

98
Q

What TWO bones compose the subtalar joint?

A

Talus

Calcaneous

99
Q

What TWO motions are the subtalar joint responsible for?

A

Inversion

Eversion

100
Q

What ligament of the foot supports the subtalar joint MEDIALLY?

A

Deltoid ligament

101
Q

What ligaments of the foot supports the subtalar joint LATERALLT?

A 
Anterior Talofibular (ATF)
Posterior Talofibular (PTF)
Calcaneofibular (CF)
102
Q

What FIVE bones compose the midfoot?

A

Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform x3

103
Q

The internal longitudinal arch of the foot is considered __________ (medial/lateral) while the external longitudinal arch of the foot is considered __________ (medial/lateral).

A

Medial

Lateral

104
Q

Is the longitudinal arch of the foot higher on the medial or lateral side?

A

Medial Side

This is how the ‘instep’ is formed

105
Q

Which toes are involved in the medial longitudinal arch?

Lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Medial: 1,2,3

Lateral: 4, 5

106
Q

T/F: The plantar aponeurosis helps provide medial arch support in the foot

A

True

107
Q

What is the very dense organized fascial layer that runs down the middle of the sole and helps maintain medial arch supprot?

A

Plantar Aponeurosis

108
Q

What is the name of the disorder that effects the fascial tissue on the sole of the feet?

This is commonly due to overuse activities (ie: running) and pain typically localizes to the heel.

A

Plantar Fascitis

109
Q

Are men or women more likely to get plantar fascitis?

A

Women

110
Q

What ‘fascial band’ exsists to allow the flexor and extensor tendons of the foot to remain close to the bone?

A

Retinaculae

Examples:

Superior extensor retinaculum
Flexor retinaculum
Inferior extensor retinaculum

Pathophysiology II - MSK (4 decks)

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