What is the insertion of pectineus?
Pectineal line of femur
What is the origin of pectineus?
Superior ramus of pubis
What innervates pectineus?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3); obturator nerve (sometimes)
What is the action of pectineus?
Adducts and flexes hip joint; assists with medial rotation of hip joint
What is the origin of sartorius?
Anterior superior iliac spine & superior part of notch inferior to it
What is the insertion of sartorius?
Superior part of medial surface of tibia
What innervates sartorius?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
What is the action of sartorius?
Flexes, abducts, & laterally rotates hip joint; flexes knee joint
What is the origin of psoas major?
Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae & IV discs; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
What is the insertion of psoas major?
Lesser trochanter of femur
What innervates psoas major?
Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2, L3)
What is the action of psoas major?
Flexes hip; postural muscle & active during standing
What is the origin of iliacus?
Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, & anterior sacro-iliac ligaments
What is the insertion of iliacus?
Tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, & femur distal to it
What innervates iliacus?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
What is the action of iliacus?
Flexes & stabilizes hip joint
What is the origin of rectus femoris?
Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum
What is the insertion of rectus femoris?
Via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon); Indirectly via patella ligament to tibial tuberosity
What is the innervation of rectus femoris?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
What is the action of rectus femoris?
Extends knee joint; Stabilizes hip joint & helps iliopsoas flex hip joint
What is the origin of vastus lateralis?
Greater trochanter & lateral lip of linea aspera
What is the insertion of vastus lateralis?
Via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon); Indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; attach to tibia and patella via aponeuroses (medial & lateral patellar retinacula)
What innervates vastus lateralis?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
What is the action of vastus lateralis?
Extends knee joint
What is the origin of vastus medialis?
Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera
What is the insertion of vastus medialis?
Via common tendinous; Indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; attach to tibia and patella via aponeuroses (medial & lateral patellar retinacula)
What innervates vastus medialis?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
What is the action of vastus medialis?
Extends knee joint
What is the origin of vastus intermedius?
Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur
What is the insertion of vastus intermedius?
Via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon); Indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
What innervates vastus intermedius?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
What is the action of vastus intermedius?
Extends knee joint
What is the origin of adductor longus?
Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
What is the insertion of adductor longus?
Middle third of linea aspera of femur
What innervates adductor longus?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
What is the action of adductor longus?
Adducts hip joint
What is the origin of adductor brevis?
Body and inferior ramus of pubis
What is the insertion of adductor brevis?
Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur
What innervates adductor brevis?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
What is the action of adductor brevis?
Adducts hip joint; flexes hip joint (sometimes)
What is the origin of adductor magnus?
Adductor: inferior ramus of pubis & ramus of ischium
Hamstring: ischial tuberosity
What is the insertion of adductor magnus?
Adductor: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
Hamstring: adductor tubercle of femur
What innervates adductor magnus?
Adductor: obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Hamstring: tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4)
What is the action of adductor magnus?
Adducts hip joint
Adductor: flexes hip joint
Hamstring: extends hip joint
What is the origin of gracilis?
Body and inferior ramus of pubis
What is the insertion of gracilis?
Superior part of medial surface of tibia
What innervates gracilis?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3)
What is the action of gracilis?
Adducts hip joint; flexes knee joint & helps medially rotate
What is the origin of obturator externus?
Margins of obturator foramen & obturator membrane
What is the insertion of obturator externus?
Trochanteric fossa of femur
What innervates obturator externus?
Obturator nerve (L3, L4)
What is the action of obturator externus?
Laterally rotates hip joint; pulls head of femur into acetabulum holding pelvis steady
What is the origin of gluteus maximus?
Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum & coccyx; and sacrotuberous ligament
What is the insertion of gluteus maximus?
Fibers end in iliotibial tract (inserts into lateral condyle of tibia); gluteal tuberosity of femur
What innervates gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What is the action of gluteus maximus?
Extends hip joint; assists in lateral rotation
What is the origin of gluteus medius?
External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
What is the insertion of gluteus medius?
Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
What innervates gluteus medius?
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)
What is the action of gluteus medius?
Abduct and anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated
What is the origin of gluteus minimus?
External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?
Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
What innervates gluteus minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)
What is the action of gluteus minimus?
Abduct & anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated
What is the origin of tensor fascia latae?
Anterior superior iliac spine & anterior part of iliac crest
What is the insertion of tensor fascia latae?
Iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia (Gerdy tubercle)
What innervates tensor fasciae latae?
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)
What is the action of tensor fasciae latae?
Flexes hip joint; acts with gluteus maximus to stabilize extended knee joint
What is the origin of piriformis?
Anterior surface of sacrum; superior margin of greater sciatic notch & sacrotuberous ligament
What is the insertion of piriformis?
Superior border of greater trochanter
What innervates piriformis?
Branches of anterior rami of S1, S2
What is the action of piriformis?
Laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)
What is the origin of obturator internus?
Pelvic surface of ilium and ischium; obturator membrane
What is the insertion of obturator internus?
Medial surface of surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
What innervates obturator internus?
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
What is the action of obturator internus?
Laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)
What is the origin of gemelli?
Superior: ischial spine
Inferior: ischial tuberosity
What is the insertion of gemelli?
Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
What innervates gemelli?
Superior: Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
Inferior: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
What is the action of gemelli?
Laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)
What is the origin of quadratus femoris?
Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
What is the insertion of quadratus femoris?
Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it
What innervates quadratus femoris?
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
What is the action of quadratus femoris?
Laterally rotates hip joint; also pulls femoral head into acetabulum to stabilize hip joint/pelvis
What is the origin of semitendinosus?
Ischial tuberosity
What is the insertion of semitendinosus?
medial surface of superior part of tibia
What innervates semitendinosus?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What is the action of semitendinosus ?
Extend hip joint; flex knee joint & medially rotate leg when knee is flexed; when hip & knee are flexed, can extend trunk
What is the origin of semimembranosus?
Ischial tuberosity
What is the insertion of semimembranosus?
Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament (to lateral femoral condyle)
What innervates semimembranosus?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What is the action of semimembranosus?
Extend hip joint; flex knee joint & medially rotate leg when knee is flexed; when hip & knee are flexed, can extend trunk
What is the origin of biceps femoris?
Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
What is the insertion of biceps femoris?
Lateral side of head of fibula; tendon is split at this site by fibular collateral ligament of knee
What innervates biceps femoris?
Long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Short head: common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What is the action of biceps femoris?
Flexes knee joint & rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends hip joint (when starting to walk)
What is the origin of tibialis anterior?
Lateral condyle of tibia; superior 2/3 of lateral surface of tibia; interosseous membrane
What is the insertion of tibialis anterior?
Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform; base of 1st metatarsal
What innervates tibialis anterior?
Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
What is the action of tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexes ankle; inverts foot; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
What is the origin of extensor hallucis longus?
Middle part of anterior surface of fibula; interosseous membrane
What is the insertion of extensor hallucis longus?
Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)
What innervates extensor hallucis longus?
Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
What is the action of extensor hallucis longus?
Extends great toe; dorsiflexes ankle
What is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?
Lateral condyle of tibia; superior 2/3 of anterior surface of fibula; interosseous membrane
What is the insertion of extensor digitorum longus?
Middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
What innervates extensor digitorum longus?
Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
What is the action of extensor digitorum longus?
Extends lateral four digits; dorsiflexes ankle
What is the origin of fibularis tertius?
Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula; interosseous membrane
What is the insertion of fibularis tertius?
Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
What innervates fibularis tertius?
Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
What is the action of fibularis tertius?
Dorsiflexes ankle; aids in eversion of foot
What is the origin of fibularis longus?
Head and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
What is the insertion of fibularis longus?
Base of 1st metatarsal; medial cuneiform
What innervates fibularis longus?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What is the action of fibularis longus?
Evert foot; Weakly plantarflex ankle; Supports transverse arch of foot
What is the origin of fibularis brevis?
Middle part of lateral surface of fibula
What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?
Dorsal surface of tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal
What innervates fibularis brevis?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What is the action of fibularis brevis?
Evert foot; Weakly plantarflex ankle
What is the origin of gastrocnemius?
Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
Medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
What is the insertion gastrocnemius?
Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
What innervates gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
What is the action of gastrocnemius?
Plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended; raises heel during walking; and flexes knee joint
What is the origin of soleus?
Posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior quarter of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia
What is the insertion of soleus?
Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
What innervates soleus?
Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
What is the action of soleus?
Plantarflexes ankle; steadies leg on foot
What is the origin of plantaris?
Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament
What is the insertion of plantaris?
Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
What innervates plantaris?
Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
What is the action of plantaris?
Weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle; function is probably mainly proprioceptive
What is the origin of popliteus?
Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus (intra-articular; within cavity of knee joint)
What is the insertion of popliteus?
Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
What innervates popliteus?
Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)
What is the action of popliteus?
Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia, may also medially rotate tibia of unplanted limb
What is the origin of flexor hallucis longus?
Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane
What is the insertion of flexor hallucis longus?
Base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)
What innervates flexor hallucis longus?
Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of flexor hallucis longus?
Flexes great toe at all joint; weakly plantarflexes ankle; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
What is the origin of flexor digitorum longus?
Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon of fibula
What is the insertion of flexor digitorum longus?
Bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits
What innervates flexor digitorum longus?
Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of flexor digitorum longus?
Flexes lateral four digits; plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arches of foot
What is the origin of tibialis posterior?
Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula
What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?
Primarily to tuberosity of navicular; also to cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals
What innervates tibialis posterior?
Tibial nerve (L4, L5)
What is the action of tibialis posterior?
Plantarflexes ankle; inverts foot; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
What is the origin of abductor hallucis?
Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis
What is the insertion of abductor hallucis?
Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
What innervates abductor hallucis?
Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of abductor hallucis?
Abducts and flexes 1st digit (great toe)
What is the origin of flexor digitorum brevis?
Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
What is the insertion of flexor digitorum brevis?
Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
What innervates flexor digitorum brevis?
Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of flexor digitorum brevis?
Flexes lateral four digits
What is the origin of abductor digit minimi?
Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
What is the insertion of abductor digiti minimi?
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
What innervates abductor digiti minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of abductor digiti minimi?
Abducts and flexes 5th digit
What is the origin of quadratus plantae?
Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus
What is the insertion of quadratus plantae?
Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus
What innervates quadratus plantae?
Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of quadratus plantae?
Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
What is the origin of lumbricals?
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
What is the insertion of lumbricals?
Medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits
What innervates lumbricals?
Medial one: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Lateral three: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of the lumbricals?
Flex proximal phalanges; extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
What is the origin of flexor hallucis brevis?
Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
What is the insertion of flexor hallucis brevis?
Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
What innervates flexor hallucis brevis?
Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of flexor hallucis brevis?
Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
What is the origin of adductor hallucis?
Oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4
Transverse head: plantar ligaments of 3rd-5th metatarsophalangeal joints
What is the insertion of adductor hallucis?
Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
What innervates adductor hallucis?
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of adductor hallucis?
Adducts 1st digit; assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot
What is the origin of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Base of 5th metatarsal
What is the insertion of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
What innervates of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion
What is the origin of plantar interossei (three muscles)?
Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
What is the insertion of plantar interossei (three muscles)?
Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
What innervates plantar interossei (three muscles)?
Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of plantar interossei (three muscles)?
Adduct digits (3-5) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
What is the origin of dorsal interossei (four muscles)?
Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
What is the insertion of dorsal interossei (four muscles)?
First: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
Second-fourth: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
What innervates dorsal interossei (four muscles)?
Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What is the action of dorsal interossei (four muscles)?
Abduct digits (2-4) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints