LRA-214 Chapter 2 Workbook Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
The bony thorax consists of the single ____ anteriorly, two ____, two _____, twelve pairs of _____, and twelve _____ posteriorly.
A
sternum; clavicles; scapula; ribs; thoracic vertebrae
2
Q
the two important bony landmarks of the thorax that are used for locating the central ray on a PA and AP chest projection are the _____ and the ______, respectively
A
vertebrae prominence; jugular notch
3
Q
the four divisions of the respiratory system are:
A
- pharynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
4
Q
what is the correct anatomic term for Adam’s apple?
A
thyroid cartilage
5
Q
what is the correct anatomic term for Voice box?
A
larynx
6
Q
what is the correct anatomic term for breastbone?
A
sternum
7
Q
what is the correct anatomic term for shouder?
A
scapula
8
Q
what is the correct anatomic term for collarbone?
A
clavicle
9
Q
list the three divisions of the structure located proximally to the larynx that serve as a common passageway for both food and air
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
10
Q
what is the name of the structure that acts as a lid over the larynx to prevent foreign objects such as food particles from entering the respiratory system?
A
epiglottis
11
Q
the trachea is located _____ to the esophagus
A
anteriorly
12
Q
the ____ bone is seen in the anterior portion of the neck and is found just below the tongue or floor of the mouth
A
hyoid
13
Q
if a person accidently inhales a food particle, which bronchus is it most likely to enter, and why?
A
- right bronchus
- it is larger in diameter and more vertical
14
Q
what is the name of the prominence, or ridge, seen when looking down into the bronchus where it divides into the right and left bronchi?
A
carina
15
Q
the prominence, or ridge, (carina) is approximately at the level of ______ vertebrae
A
T4-T5
16
Q
what is the term for the small air sacs located at the distal ends of the bronchioles, in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood?
A
alveoli
17
Q
the delicate, doubled wall sac or membrane that contains the lungs is called the-
A
pleura
18
Q
the outer layer of this membrane adhering to the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm is the-
A
parietal pleura
19
Q
the inner layer adhering to the surface of the lungs is the-
A
visceral/pulmonary pleura
20
Q
the potential space between these two layers (parietal/visceral pleura) is called-
A
pleural cavity
21
Q
air or gas that enters the pleural cavity results in a condition called-
A
pneumothorax
22
Q
what is the name of the lower, concave portion of the lungs?
A
base
23
Q
what is the name of the central area in which bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs?
A
hilum
24
Q
what is the name of the upper, rounded portion above the level of clavicles?
A
apex/apices
25
what is the name of the extreme, outermost lower corner of the lungs?
costophrenic angle
26
explain why the right lung is smaller than the left lung and the right hemidiaphragm is positioned higher than the left hemidiaphragm
the presence of the liver on the right side
27
list the four important structures located in the mediastinum
- thymus gland
- heart and great vessels
- trachea
- esophagus
28
the heart is enclosed in a double walled membrane called the-
pericardial sac/pericardium
29
the three parts of the aorta are the-
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- descending aorta
30
which type of body habitus is associated with a broad and deep thorax?
hypersthenic
31
which of the following types of body habitus may cause the costophrenic angles to be cut off if careful vertical collimation is not used?
hyposthenic and asthenic
32
what is the minimum number of ribs that should be demonstrated above the diaphragm on a PA radiograph of an average adult chest with full inspiration?
10 ribs
33
which of the following objects should be removed (or moved) before chest radiograph?
- necklace
- bra
- religious medallion around neck
- hair fasteners
- oxygen lines
34
true or false: long hair may produce an artifact when imaging with digital radiographic systems
true
35
true or false: chest radiography is the most commonly repeated radiographic procedure because of poor positioning or exposure factor selection errors
true
36
chest radiography for the adult patient usually uses a kilovoltage range of _____ to ______ kVp
110-125
37
true or false: generally, you do not need to use radiographic grids for adult patients for PA or lateral chest radiographs
false
38
optimal technical factor selection ensures proper penetration of the
- heart
- great vessels
- lung regions
- hilar region
39
describe the way optimum density (brightness) of the lungs and mediastinal structures can be determined on a PA chest radiograph
faint outlines of middle or upper vertebrae and ribs through the heart and other mediastinal structures
40
true or false: because the heart is always located on the left thorax, the use of anatomic side markers on a PA chest projection may not be necessary
false
41
what is another term for the condition termed visceral inversion?
situs inversus
42
which of the following devices should be used for the erect PA and lateral chest projections for an infant?
Pigg-O-Stat
43
which of the following sets of exposure factor is recommended for a chest examination of a young pediatric patient?
70 to 85 kVp, short exposure time
44
true or false: because they have a shallower (superior-inferior dimension) lung fields, the central ray is often centered higher for geriatric patients
true
45
true or false: CR centering for the PA chest projection on an obese patient is 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5cm) lower than for a sthenic patient
false
46
to ensure better lung inspiration during chest radiography, exposure should be made during the _______ inspiration?
second
47
list the four possible pathologic conditions that suggest the need for inspiration and expiration PA chest projection
- small pneumothorax
- fixation or lack of normal diaphragm
- presence of a foreign body
- distinguishing between opacity in the rib or lung
48
list and explain briefly the three reasons chest projections should be taken with the patient in the erect position
- diaphragm can move down farther
- show air and fluid levels
- prevent engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels
49
why do the lungs tend to extend more with the patient in an erect position than in a supine position?
abdominal organs drop, allowing the diaphragm to move further down and lungs aerate more fully
50
explain the primary purpose and benefit of performing chest radiography using a 72" (180 cm) SID?
- reduces distortion and magnification of heart and chest structures
51
which of the following anatomic structures is examined to determine rotation on a PA chest radiograph?
symmetric appearance and location of sternoclavicular joints
52
which positioning tip will help prevent the patient's chin and neck from being superimposed over the upper airway and apices of the lungs for a PA chest radiograph?
extend the chin upward
53
for a patient with severe pains on the left side of their chest, would you perform a left or right lateral?
left
54
for a patient with no chest pains, but have recent history of pneumonia on their right lung, would you perform a left or right lateral?
right
55
for a patient with no chest pain or history of heart trouble, would you perform a left or right lateral?
left
56
why is it important to raise the patient's arms above the head for a lateral chest projections?
prevent upper arm soft tissue from superimposing the upper chest field
57
the traditional central ray centering technique for the chest is to place the top of the IR ____ inches (___cm) above the shoulders
1 1/2 -2 inches; 5cm
58
a recommended central ray centering technique for a PA chest projection requires the technologist to palpate the _______ and measure down from that bony landmark ___ inches (____cm) for a male and ____ inches (___cm) for a female patient
vertebra prominence (C7); 8 inches/20cm; 7 inches/18 cm
59
should the 14 x 17 inch (35 x 43 cm) IR be aligned in portrait or landscape orientation for a PA chest projection of a hypersthenic patient?
landscape
60
should the 14 x 17 inch (35 x 43 cm) IR be aligned in portrait or landscape orientation for a PA chest projection of a asthenic patient?
portrait
61
which of the following bony landmarks is palpated for centering of the AP chest projection?
jugular notch
62
true or false: with most digital chest units, the question of IR placement into either the portrait or the landscape position is eliminated because of the larger IR
true
63
true or false: in general for an average patient, more collimation should be visible on the lower margin of the chest image than on the top for a PA or lateral chest projection
false
64
true or false: the height, or vertical dimension, of the average-to-large person's chest is greater than the width, or horizontal dimension
false
65
true or false: multislice CT (MSCT) can produce high resolution images of the heart on one breath-hold
true
66
true or false: single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is frequently used to diagnose myocardial infarction
true
67
true or false: ultrasound is not an effective modality to detect pleural effusion
false
68
true or false: echocardiography and electrocardiography are basically the same procedure
false
69
what is one of the most common inherited disease?
Cystic Fibrosis
70
what is a condition that is most frequently associated with congestive heart failure?
Pulmonary edema
71
what's dyspnea?
shortness of breath
72
what is the accumulation of air in pleural cavity?
pneumothorax
73
what is the accumulation of pus in pleural cavity?
empyema
74
what is a form of occupational lung disease
silicosis
75
what is a contagious disease caused by an airborne bacterium?
tuberculosis
76
what is the irreversible dilation of bronchioles?
bronchiectasis
77
what condition is the most common form of emphysema?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
78
what is the acute or chronic irritation of bronchi?
bronchitis
79
what is a collapse of all or portion of the lung?
atelectasis
80
what is inflammation of the pleura?
pleurisy
81
what is a most common radiographic sign seen on a chest radiograph for a patient with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
air bronchogram sign
82
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has left lung atelectasis?
increase
83
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has lung neoplasm?
no changes needed for the technique
84
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has severe pulmonary edema?
increase
85
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has RDS or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD) in infants?
increase
86
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has reactivation (secondary) tuberculosis?
increase
87
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has advanced emphysema?
decrease
88
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has large pneumothorax?
no change
89
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has pulmonary emboli?
no changes
90
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has primary tuberculosis?
no changes
91
would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has advanced asbestosis?
no change
92
which of the following chest projections/positions is recommended to detect calcifications or cavitation within the upper lung region beneath the cavicles?
AP lordotic
93
which of the following is not a form of occupational lung disease?
emphysema
94
why is a PA chest preferred to an AP projection?
minimizes magnification of the heart
95
the CR is placed at the level of the ____ vertebra for a PA chest projections
T7
96
the shoulders need to be rolled forward for the PA projection to allow the ______ to move laterally and be clear of the lung fields
scapula
97
why should a left lateral be performed unless departmental protocol indicates otherwise?
to minimize magnification of the heart. the heart will also be at its true size
98
how much separation of the posterior ribs on a lateral chest projection indicates excessive rotation from a true lateral position?
greater than 1cm
99
to prevent the clavicles from obscuring the apices on an AP projection of the chest, the CR should be angled _____ so that it is perpendicular to the _______
caudal -/+ 5 degrees;sternum
100
what is the name of the condition characterized by fluid entering the pleural cavity?
pleural effusion
101
which specific position would be used if a patient were unable to stand but the physician suspected that the patient had fluid in the left lung?
left lateral decubitus
102
what circumstances or clinical indications suggest that an AP lordotic projection should be ordered?
calcification/masses beneath the clavicles
103
what position/projection would be used for a patient who is too ill or weak to stand for an AP lordotic projection?
AP semiaxial projection with a CR angle of 15-20 degrees cephalad
104
which anterior oblique projection would best elongate the left thorax-RAO or LAO?
RAO
105
which posterior oblique projection would best elongate the left thorax-RPO or LPO?
LPO
106
for certain studies of the heart, the _____ anterior oblique requires a rotation of ____ degrees
left; 60 degrees
107
true or false: a grid is not recommended for an LPO projection of the adult chest
false
108
where is the CR placed for a lateral projection of the upper airway?
C6-C7 between the thyroid cartilage and the jugular notch
109
careful collimation during a chest radiograph will improve image quality by decreasing ____ radiation to the IR
scatter
110
what are the recommended patient instructions when performing an erect PA chest on a female patient with large pendulous breasts?
lift the breasts outwards. remove the hands as she lands towards the IR to keep them in position
111
true or false: no lead shielding is necessary for male patients or women older than age 65 during radiographic imaging of the chest
false
112
an erect chest PA radiograph aids the patient to achieve full inspiration and helps to prevent ________ and _______ of the pulmonary vessels
engorgement;hypermia
113
