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lsat > LSAT II > Flashcards

LSAT II Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS ABSOLUTE LANGUAGE

A

must, always, required, some , though the range of some

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2
Q

MUST BE TRUE QUESTIONS ARE ..

A

100% TRUE

can always be proven by referring to the facts stated in the stimulus

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3
Q

What is Absolute and relative in the LSAT

A

Absolute terms describe a set of quantity
example: rich and happy are (absolute ) single quantity

-relative terms make a comparison
richer and healthier are (comparative ) (usually ends with -er_

*its is important to noticee absolute and relative terms

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4
Q

relative terms / comparison

A

more, less , taller ,tallest

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5
Q

neither

A

ni

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6
Q

to identify premises ask yourself :

A

why should i believe this argument

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7
Q

to identify conclusions ask yourself

A

what does the author want me to believe

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8
Q

what are the two aspects of language

A

Two aspects of language

Absolute : be aware of what terms matter and what do they mean ?
If you see Must conveys certainty
If you see Could conveys possibly

Relative : be aware of how the language changes throughout the stimulus
Between the stimulus and the answer choices
*see the shifts in language present - future
*example an argument ent of what might be and then what must be
You don’t have to be consistent on the time of language

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9
Q

what is possible

A

Possible
Greater than 0
There is a chance
1-100%
Is not impossible

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10
Q

what is quantity

A

3.Quantity
100% must
Greater than 50% most
Greater than 0% some
0% none
*comes constantly STUDY

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11
Q

when someone says
An event is certain to occur.

A

That means that the event’s probability is 100 % to occur
*certaintly arguments are harder to prove

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12
Q

when someone says
The event would probably occur.

A

More likely to occur than none . Greater than 50% 51-100%
100% is certain which means it is probably

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13
Q

what is liklihood

A

likelihood = probably=degree of certaintly

certaintly: 100% (must needs, always)
probability : more than 50% (probably, likely, mostly)
possibility: >0%
1-100% (can, could, may,might, possibly, sometimes)

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14
Q

what is certaintly ( or necessesity)

PART OF LIKELYHOOD

A

must, needs to, always
100% must

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15
Q

what is probability

part of liklihood

A

mostly, likely

more than 50%

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16
Q

what is possibility

PART OF LIKELYHOOD

A

can/ could, may, might, possibibly , sometimes

greater than 0%

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17
Q

must be true and most strongly supported questions

A

operate the same

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18
Q

in must be true questions the answers that are wrong are answers that ….

A

you can’t prove things that are probably , exagerrated , new information

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19
Q

CONCLUSION INDICATOR WORDS

A

THUS
THREFORE
HENCE
CONSEQUENTLY
AS A RESULT
SO
ACCORDINGLY
IT FOLLOWS THAT
IN MUST BE THAT

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20
Q

PREMISE INDICATORS
(FACTUAL STATEMENTS, CONTAINS FACTS, OR CLAIMS )

A

BECAUSE
SINCE
FOR
FOR THE REASON THAT
IN THAT
GIVEN THAT
AS INDICATED BY
DUE TO
FURTHERMORE

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21
Q

absolute

A

what are the key terms here and what do they mean logically
ex. must= certainty

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22
Q

relative

A

how do these key terms change throughout the stilulus
how do these key terms change between the stimulus and answer choices
ex. lets say you have an argument that has. a number of facts about what happened in the past and then they jump into a conclusion about the future .
the shift makes it that you can’t prove that conclusion about the future you don’t have enough info

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23
Q

in must be true questions are presented with what in the stimulus

A

fact sets

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24
Q

furthermore

A

premise indicator

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25
Q

moreover

A

premise indicator

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26
Q

besides
in addition

A

premise indicator

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27
Q

whatsmore

A

premise indicator

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28
Q

after all

A

premise indicator

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29
Q

what is counter premise

A

a premise that actually contains an idea that is counter to the argument
*something that is against the main argument

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30
Q

counter premise indicator

A

but, yet , however, on the other hand , admittedly , in contrast, although , even though, still whereareas , in spite of, despite, after all

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31
Q

The city council ought to ease restrictions on outdoor advertising
because the city’s economy is currently in a slump. Furthermore,
the city should not place restrictions on forms of speech such as
advertising.”

A

Conclusion :
The city council ought to ease restrictions on outdoor advertising

Premise (because)
the city’s economy is currently in a slump

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32
Q

in addition

A

premise indicator

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33
Q

hence

A

coclusion indicator

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34
Q

to identify premise

A

pick a sentence and say why I should believe that sentence

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35
Q

to identitfy conclusion

A

ask what is the author trying to persude me to believe

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36
Q

THUS

A

conclusion indicator

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37
Q

THREFORE

A

conclusion

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38
Q

HENCE

A

conclusion

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39
Q

CONSEQUENTLY

A

conclusion

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40
Q

AS A RESULT

A

conclusion

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41
Q

SO

A

conclusion

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42
Q

ACCORDINGLY

A

conclusion

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43
Q

IT FOLLOWS THAT

A

conclusion

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44
Q

IN MUST BE THAT

A

conclusion

45
Q

on the grounds that

A

premise

46
Q

when you see premise and conclusion indicator words along with a comma be careful

the presence of the comma creates a clause that, due to the premise indicator, contains a premise.The end of that premise clause will be closed with a second comma, and thenwhat follows will be the conclusion, as in the following:

A

Therefore, since higher debt has forced consumers to lower their
savings, banks now have less money to loan.”

“Higher debt has forced consumers to lower their savings” is the premise;
“banks now have less money to loan” is the conclusion. So, in this instance
“therefore” still introduces a conclusion, but the appearance of the conclusion
is interrupted by a clause that contains a premise

47
Q

seeing that

A

premise

48
Q

in as much

A

premise

49
Q

clearly

A

conclusion

50
Q

it follows that

A

conclusion

51
Q

thus

A

conclusion

52
Q

we may infer that

A

conclusion

53
Q

implies that

A

conclusion

54
Q

that is why

A

conclusion

55
Q

entails that

A

conclusion

56
Q

when you see phrases like “some people” “some scientist say”

A

introduce ideas which the
author represents and then argues against.

57
Q

point at issue question

A

require you to identify a point of contention (dispute)
between two speakers, and thus these questions appear almost exclusively with two-speaker stimuli.
Question stem example:
“Larson and Manuela disagree about whether

58
Q

assumption question

A

These questions ask you to identify an assumption of the author’s argument.
Question stem example:
“Which one of the following is an assumption
required by the argument above

59
Q

justify the conclusion question

A

ask you to supply a piece of
information that, when added to the premises, proves the conclusion.
Question stem example:
“Which one of the following, if assumed, allows the
conclusion above to be properly drawn?”

60
Q

stregthen/support questions

A

These questions ask you to select the answer choice that provides
support for the author’s argument or strengthens it in some way.
Question stem examples:
“Which one of the following, if true, most
strengthens the argument?”
“Which one of the following, if true, most strongly
supports the statement above?

*belong to help family

61
Q

resolve the paradox

A

Every Resolve the Paradox stimulus contains a discrepancy or seeming
contradiction. You must find the answer choice that best resolves the
situation.
Question stem example:
“Which one of the following, if true, would most
effectively resolve the apparent paradox above?

62
Q

weaken questions

A

Weaken questions ask you to attack or undermine the author’s argument.
Question stem example:
“Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?”

63
Q

Method of Reasoning

A

Method of Reasoning questions ask you to describe, in abstract terms,
the way in which the author made his or her argument. Question stem
example:
“Which one of the following describes the
technique of reasoning used above?”

64
Q

flaw in the reasoning

A

Flaw in the Reasoning questions ask you to describe, in abstract
terms, the error of reasoning committed by the author. Question stem
example:
“The reasoning in the astronomer’s argument is
flawed because this argument”

65
Q

parallel reasoning questions

A

Parallel Reasoning questions ask you to identify the answer choice that contains reasoning most similar in structure to the reasoning presented
in the stimulus.
Question stem example:
“Which one of the following arguments is most
similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument
above

66
Q

Evaluate the Argument

A

With Evaluate the Argument questions you must decide which answer
choice will allow you to determine the logical validity of the argument.
Question stem example:
“The answer to which one of the following
questions would contribute most to an evaluation of
the argument?

67
Q

cannot be true

A

Cannot Be True questions ask you to identify the answer choice that cannot be true or is most weakened based on the information in the stimulus.
Question stem example:
“If the statements above are true, which one of the
following CANNOT be true

68
Q

must be true is part of the Prove family,cannot be true is part of disprove family, Resolve the paradox is part of the help family they usually dont have…..

A

conclusions, therefore the other question types must be connected to stimuli with conclusions

69
Q

Must Be True, Cannot Be
True, or Resolve the Paradox are related in what way

A

they don’t have coclusions

70
Q

paradox

A

contradiction

71
Q

If the statements above are true, they provide the most
support for which one of the following?

A

must be true

72
Q

Mary uses which one of the following argumentative
techniques in countering Paul’s argument?

A

method of reasoning

73
Q

If the statements above are true, which one of the
following conclusions can be properly drawn on the
basis of them?

A

must be true

74
Q

Which one of the following is an assumption on
which the argument depends?

A

assumption

75
Q

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
undermines the argument’s stated conclusion?

A

weaken question

76
Q

The argument proceeds by

A

method of reasoning

77
Q

The pattern of reasoning displayed in the argument
above is most closely paralleled by that in which one
of the following arguments?

A

parallel reasoning

78
Q

Which one of the following can be logically inferred
from the passage?

A

must be true

79
Q

Which one of the following, if true, would most
strengthen the argument?

A

stregthen question

80
Q

. Which one of the following argumentative strategies
is used by the researcher in responding to the
manager?

A

method of reasoning

81
Q

Which one of the following, if true, argues most
strongly against the explanation reported in the
passage?

A

weaken question

82
Q

Which one of the following principles, if established,
would do most to support the customer’s position
against the advertiser’s response

A

stregthen question

83
Q

Which one of the following, if true, most helps to
resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information
above

A

resolve the paradox

84
Q

If the statements above are true, they provide the most
support for which one of the following?

A

must be true

85
Q

Mary uses which one of the following argumentative
techniques in countering Paul’s argument

A

method of reasoning
*questions ask you to describe in abstract terms the way in which the author made his argument

86
Q

Which one of the following contains an error of
reasoning that is also contained in the argument
above

A

**parallel reasoning **
*questions ask you to identify the answer choice that contains similar in structure to the reasoning presented in the stimulus

87
Q

The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion
that

A

main point
- main point questions ask you to find the primary the primary conclusion made by the author

88
Q

Which one of the following is most similar in its logical features to the argument above

A

parallel reasoning
*this questions ask you to identify the answer choice that contains reasoning most similar in structure to the reasoning presented in the stimulus

89
Q

Greg does which one of the following in responding
to Sara’s argument?

A

method of reasoning
*questions ask you to describe in abstract terms the way in which the author made his argument

90
Q

Which one of the following conclusions is best
supported by the passage?

A

Must be True

*questions ask you to identify the answer choice that is best proven by the information in the stimulus
*must be true questions have the word properly inferred too

91
Q

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
calls the anthropologists’ explanation into question?

A

weaken question

92
Q

The main point of the argument is tha

A

main point question
*main point questions ask you to find the primary the primary conclusion made by the author

93
Q

The judge responds to the politician’s argument by
doing which one of the following

A

method of reasoning
*questions ask you to describe in abstract terms the way in which the author made his argument

94
Q

The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is
most similar to that in which one of the following

A

*parallel reasoning**
*this questions ask you to identify the answer choice that contains reasoning most similar in structure to the reasoning presented in the stimulus

95
Q

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?

A

weakens

96
Q

what is resolve the paradox

A

every resolve the paradox stimulus contains a discrepancy or seeming contradiction . you must find the answer choice that best resolves the situation

97
Q

Which one of the following, if true, most helps to
resolve the apparent paradox in the information
above

A

resolve the paradox

98
Q

The author’s conclusion depends upon which one of
the following?

A

assumption
* this questions ask you to identify the assumption of the authors argument

99
Q

“except”

A

means other than

100
Q

Which one of the following, if true, strengthens
the argument above?”
expect what in the answer choices

A

One correct answer: Strengthen
Four incorrect answers: Do not Strengthen

101
Q

“Each of the following, if true, strengthens the
argument above EXCEPT:
expect what in the answer choices

A

One correct answer: Does not Strengthen
Four incorrect answers: Strengthen

102
Q

Which one of the following, if true, would help to
resolve the apparent discrepancy above?”
expect what in the answer choices

A

One correct answer: Resolves the Paradox
Four incorrect answers: Do not Resolve the Paradox

103
Q

Each of the following, if true, would help to resolve
the apparent discrepancy above EXCEPT:”
expect what in the answer choices

A

One correct answer: Does not Resolve the Paradox
Four incorrect answers: Resolve the Paradox

104
Q

Which one of the following, if true, helps LEAST
to resolve the apparent discrepancy described
above?”
expect what in the answer choices

A

One correct answer: Does not Resolve the Paradox
Four incorrect answers: Resolve the Paradox

105
Q

Which one of the following, if true, would most
strengthen the argument above?
expect what in the answer choices

A

One correct answer: Strengthen
Four incorrect answers: Do not Strengthen

106
Q

Which one of the following, if true, LEAST
strengthens the argument above?”
expect what in the answer choices

A

One correct answer: Does not Strengthen
Four incorrect answers: Strengthen

107
Q

helpful in establishing the
conclusion”

A

the same as Strengthen

108
Q
A

lsat (4 decks)

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