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LSAT II Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

WHAT IS ABSOLUTE LANGUAGE

A

must, always, required, some , though the range of some

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2
Q

MUST BE TRUE QUESTIONS ARE ..

A

100% TRUE

can always be proven by referring to the facts stated in the stimulus

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3
Q

What is Absolute and relative in the LSAT

A

Absolute terms describe a set of quantity
example: rich and happy are (absolute ) single quantity

-relative terms make a comparison
richer and healthier are (comparative ) (usually ends with -er_

*its is important to noticee absolute and relative terms

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4
Q

relative terms / comparison

A

more, less , taller ,tallest

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5
Q

neither

A

ni

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6
Q

to identify premises ask yourself :

A

why should i believe this argument

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7
Q

to identify conclusions ask yourself

A

what does the author want me to believe

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8
Q

what are the two aspects of language

A

Two aspects of language

Absolute : be aware of what terms matter and what do they mean ?
If you see Must conveys certainty
If you see Could conveys possibly

Relative : be aware of how the language changes throughout the stimulus
Between the stimulus and the answer choices
*see the shifts in language present - future
*example an argument ent of what might be and then what must be
You don’t have to be consistent on the time of language

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9
Q

what is possible

A

Possible
Greater than 0
There is a chance
1-100%
Is not impossible

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10
Q

what is quantity

A

3.Quantity
100% must
Greater than 50% most
Greater than 0% some
0% none
*comes constantly STUDY

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11
Q

when someone says
An event is certain to occur.

A

That means that the event’s probability is 100 % to occur
*certaintly arguments are harder to prove

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12
Q

when someone says
The event would probably occur.

A

More likely to occur than none . Greater than 50% 51-100%
100% is certain which means it is probably

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13
Q

what is liklihood

A

likelihood = probably=degree of certaintly

certaintly: 100% (must needs, always)
probability : more than 50% (probably, likely, mostly)
possibility: >0%
1-100% (can, could, may,might, possibly, sometimes)

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14
Q

what is certaintly ( or necessesity)

PART OF LIKELYHOOD

A

must, needs to, always
100% must

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15
Q

what is probability

part of liklihood

A

mostly, likely

more than 50%

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16
Q

what is possibility

PART OF LIKELYHOOD

A

can/ could, may, might, possibibly , sometimes

greater than 0%

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17
Q

must be true and most strongly supported questions

A

operate the same

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18
Q

in must be true questions the answers that are wrong are answers that ….

A

you can’t prove things that are probably , exagerrated , new information

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19
Q

CONCLUSION INDICATOR WORDS

A

THUS
THREFORE
HENCE
CONSEQUENTLY
AS A RESULT
SO
ACCORDINGLY
IT FOLLOWS THAT
IN MUST BE THAT

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20
Q

PREMISE INDICATORS
(FACTUAL STATEMENTS, CONTAINS FACTS, OR CLAIMS )

A

BECAUSE
SINCE
FOR
FOR THE REASON THAT
IN THAT
GIVEN THAT
AS INDICATED BY
DUE TO
FURTHERMORE

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21
Q

absolute

A

what are the key terms here and what do they mean logically
ex. must= certainty

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22
Q

relative

A

how do these key terms change throughout the stilulus
how do these key terms change between the stimulus and answer choices
ex. lets say you have an argument that has. a number of facts about what happened in the past and then they jump into a conclusion about the future .
the shift makes it that you can’t prove that conclusion about the future you don’t have enough info

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23
Q

in must be true questions are presented with what in the stimulus

A

fact sets

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24
Q

furthermore

A

premise indicator

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25
moreover
premise indicator
26
besides in addition
premise indicator
27
whatsmore
premise indicator
28
after all
premise indicator
29
what is counter premise
a premise that actually contains an idea that is counter to the argument *something that is against the main argument
30
counter premise indicator
but, yet , however, on the other hand , admittedly , in contrast, although , even though, still whereareas , in spite of, despite, after all
31
The city council ought to ease restrictions on outdoor advertising because the city’s economy is currently in a slump. Furthermore, the city should not place restrictions on forms of speech such as advertising.”
Conclusion : The city council ought to ease restrictions on outdoor advertising Premise (because) the city’s economy is currently in a slump
32
in addition
premise indicator
33
hence
coclusion indicator
34
to identify premise
pick a sentence and say why I should believe that sentence
35
to identitfy conclusion
ask what is the author trying to persude me to believe
36
THUS
conclusion indicator
37
THREFORE
conclusion
38
HENCE
conclusion
39
CONSEQUENTLY
conclusion
40
AS A RESULT
conclusion
41
SO
conclusion
42
ACCORDINGLY
conclusion
43
IT FOLLOWS THAT
conclusion
44
IN MUST BE THAT
conclusion
45
on the grounds that
premise
46
when you see premise and conclusion indicator words along with a comma be careful the presence of the comma creates a clause that, due to the premise indicator, contains a premise.The end of that premise clause will be closed with a second comma, and thenwhat follows will be the conclusion, as in the following:
***Therefore, since higher debt has forced consumers to lower their savings, banks now have less money to loan.”*** “Higher debt has forced consumers to lower their savings” is the premise; “banks now have less money to loan” is the conclusion. So, in this instance “therefore” still introduces a conclusion, but the appearance of the conclusion is interrupted by a clause that contains a premise
47
seeing that
premise
48
in as much
premise
49
clearly
conclusion
50
it follows that
conclusion
51
thus
conclusion
52
we may infer that
conclusion
53
implies that
conclusion
54
that is why
conclusion
55
entails that
conclusion
56
when you see phrases like "some people" "some scientist say"
introduce ideas which the author represents and then argues against.
57
point at issue question
require you to identify a point of contention (dispute) between two speakers, and thus these questions appear almost exclusively with two-speaker stimuli. Question stem example: “Larson and Manuela disagree about whether
58
assumption question
These questions ask you to identify an assumption of the author’s argument. Question stem example: “Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument above
59
justify the conclusion question
ask you to supply a piece of information that, when added to the premises, proves the conclusion. Question stem example: “Which one of the following, if assumed, allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn?”
60
stregthen/support questions
These questions ask you to select the answer choice that provides support for the author’s argument or strengthens it in some way. Question stem examples: “Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?” “Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the statement above? | *belong to help family
61
resolve the paradox
Every Resolve the Paradox stimulus contains a discrepancy or seeming contradiction. You must find the answer choice that best resolves the situation. Question stem example: “Which one of the following, if true, would most effectively resolve the apparent paradox above?
62
weaken questions
Weaken questions ask you to attack or undermine the author’s argument. Question stem example: “Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?”
63
Method of Reasoning
Method of Reasoning questions ask you to describe, in abstract terms, the way in which the author made his or her argument. Question stem example: “Which one of the following describes the technique of reasoning used above?”
64
flaw in the reasoning
Flaw in the Reasoning questions ask you to describe, in abstract terms, the error of reasoning committed by the author. Question stem example: “The reasoning in the astronomer’s argument is flawed because this argument”
65
parallel reasoning questions
Parallel Reasoning questions ask you to identify the answer choice that contains reasoning most similar in structure to the reasoning presented in the stimulus. Question stem example: “Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above
66
Evaluate the Argument
With Evaluate the Argument questions you must decide which answer choice will allow you to determine the logical validity of the argument. Question stem example: “The answer to which one of the following questions would contribute most to an evaluation of the argument?
67
cannot be true
Cannot Be True questions ask you to identify the answer choice that cannot be true or is most weakened based on the information in the stimulus. Question stem example: “If the statements above are true, which one of the following CANNOT be true
68
must be true is part of the Prove family,cannot be true is part of disprove family, Resolve the paradox is part of the help family they usually dont have.....
conclusions, therefore the other question types must be connected to stimuli with conclusions
69
Must Be True, Cannot Be True, or Resolve the Paradox are related in what way
they don't have coclusions
70
paradox
contradiction
71
If the statements above are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?
must be true
72
Mary uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in countering Paul’s argument?
method of reasoning
73
If the statements above are true, which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn on the basis of them?
must be true
74
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
assumption
75
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument’s stated conclusion?
weaken question
76
The argument proceeds by
method of reasoning
77
The pattern of reasoning displayed in the argument above is most closely paralleled by that in which one of the following arguments?
parallel reasoning
78
Which one of the following can be logically inferred from the passage?
must be true
79
Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument?
stregthen question
80
. Which one of the following argumentative strategies is used by the researcher in responding to the manager?
method of reasoning
81
Which one of the following, if true, argues most strongly against the explanation reported in the passage?
weaken question
82
Which one of the following principles, if established, would do most to support the customer’s position against the advertiser’s response
stregthen question
83
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above
resolve the paradox
84
If the statements above are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?
must be true
85
Mary uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in countering Paul’s argument
**method of reasoning** *questions ask you to describe in abstract terms the way in which the author made his argument
86
Which one of the following contains an error of reasoning that is also contained in the argument above
**parallel reasoning ** *questions ask you to identify the answer choice that contains similar in structure to the reasoning presented in the stimulus
87
The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion that
**main point** - main point questions ask you to find the primary the primary conclusion made by the author
88
Which one of the following is most similar in its logical features to the argument above
**parallel reasoning** *this questions ask you to identify the answer choice that contains reasoning most similar in structure to the reasoning presented in the stimulus
89
Greg does which one of the following in responding to Sara’s argument?
method of reasoning *questions ask you to describe in abstract terms the way in which the author made his argument
90
Which one of the following conclusions is best supported by the passage?
Must be True *questions ask you to identify the answer choice that is best proven by the information in the stimulus *must be true questions have the word properly inferred too
91
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously calls the anthropologists’ explanation into question?
weaken question
92
The main point of the argument is tha
main point question *main point questions ask you to find the primary the primary conclusion made by the author
93
The judge responds to the politician’s argument by doing which one of the following
method of reasoning *questions ask you to describe in abstract terms the way in which the author made his argument
94
The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following
*parallel reasoning** *this questions ask you to identify the answer choice that contains reasoning most similar in structure to the reasoning presented in the stimulus
95
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
weakens
96
what is resolve the paradox
every resolve the paradox stimulus contains a discrepancy or seeming contradiction . you must find the answer choice that best resolves the situation
97
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent paradox in the information above
resolve the paradox
98
The author’s conclusion depends upon which one of the following?
assumption * this questions ask you to identify the assumption of the authors argument
99
"except"
means other than
100
Which one of the following, if true, strengthens the argument above?” expect what in the answer choices
One correct answer: Strengthen Four incorrect answers: Do not Strengthen
101
“Each of the following, if true, strengthens the argument above EXCEPT: expect what in the answer choices
One correct answer: Does not Strengthen Four incorrect answers: Strengthen
102
Which one of the following, if true, would help to resolve the apparent discrepancy above?” expect what in the answer choices
One correct answer: Resolves the Paradox Four incorrect answers: Do not Resolve the Paradox
103
Each of the following, if true, would help to resolve the apparent discrepancy above EXCEPT:” expect what in the answer choices
One correct answer: Does not Resolve the Paradox Four incorrect answers: Resolve the Paradox
104
Which one of the following, if true, helps LEAST to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?” expect what in the answer choices
One correct answer: Does not Resolve the Paradox Four incorrect answers: Resolve the Paradox
105
Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above? expect what in the answer choices
One correct answer: Strengthen Four incorrect answers: Do not Strengthen
106
Which one of the following, if true, **LEAST** strengthens the argument above?” expect what in the answer choices
One correct answer: Does not Strengthen Four incorrect answers: Strengthen
107
helpful in establishing the conclusion”
the same as Strengthen
108

lsat (6 decks)

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