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Physiology Week 4 > Lymphatic System and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Lymphatic System and Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues and organs are where what occurs?

A

Where lymphocytes are formed and mature

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2
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues and organs are where what occurs?

A

Where lymphocytes are activated and cloned

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3
Q

Lymphoid tissues and organs?

6

A 
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
MALT-digestive tract, respiratory system, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Appendix
Red bone marrow
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4
Q

Three kinds of lymphocytes

A

NK cells
B cells
T cells

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5
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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6
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

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7
Q

What is lymph?

A

interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessel

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8
Q

What are two characteristics about the lymphatic membrane that fit its structure?
What cells are allowed in?

A
  1. Incomplete or missing
    basement membrane
  2. Overlapping endothelial
    Cells: allow debris, viruses, bacteria, fluids solutes, in but not out
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9
Q

What are the differences between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?
4

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes
  2. Have larger diameters
  3. Have thinner walls
  4. Are flattened and irregular in cross sections
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10
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found? and not found?

A

Everywhere blood flows

Not in CNS
Bone marrow
non vascular spaces

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11
Q

Where are superficial lymphatics located?

A

subcutaneous in areolar tissues

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12
Q

Where are deep lymphatics located?

A

Accompany deep arteries and veins

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13
Q

Follow the flow of lymph?

3

A 
Superficial/deep lymphatics
to 
lymphatic trunk
to 
thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
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14
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from?

A

Only right side of body and above the diaphragm

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15
Q

What are the trunks that drain into the right lymphatic duct?
4

A

Right jugular trunk
right subclavian trunk
Right lymphatic duct entering the right subclavian vein
Right bronchomediastinal trunk

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16
Q

What are the trunks that drain into the thoracic duct?

4

A

Left jugular trunk
Left subclavian trunk
Thoracic duct entering left subclavian vein
Left bronchomediastinal trunk

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17
Q

Trunks going into the cisterna chyli?

A

Intestinal trunk
Right lumbar trunk
Left lumbar trunk

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18
Q

What is lymphedema?

2

A

Blockage of lymphatic drainage

Can become permanent if left untreated

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19
Q

Why is lymphedema worse than blood edemas?

A

There is an accumulation of toxins and pathogens and not just fluid

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20
Q

What percent of cirulating cells are lymphocytes?

A

20 to 30

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21
Q

How do T cells mediate immunity?

A

Cell mediated immunity

80 of the 20/30

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22
Q

How do B cells mediate immunity?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

10-15%

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23
Q

What is the general function of NK cells?

A

Immune surveillance

5-10%

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24
Q

In Lymphopoesis what is the initial stem cell called and where does it come from?

A

Hematopoietic

stem cells- come from bone marrow

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25
Q

What do the hematopoietic cells differentiate into and where can they go?
2

A

Into Lymphoid stem cells and they either go to the thymus or further differentiate into B cells and NK cells

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26
Q

What happens to the Lymphoid stem cells that move into the thymus?

A

Most of them apoptose

they other 2% makes various kinds of t cells

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27
Q

Where do the differentiate NK cells and B cells end up?

A

Peripheral tissue

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28
Q

What are the three kinds of lymphatic tissues?

A

Lymphoid nodules
MALT
Tonsils

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29
Q

What are the three kinds of lymphatic organs? What makes them different?

A

Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Have dense fibrous capsule

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30
Q

Example of aggregated lymphoid nodules?

A

Peyer’s patches

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31
Q

What is the function of the germinal center of the lymphoid nodule?

A

Samples what is going through the lumen and signals the immune response if it doesn’t recognize it as self

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32
Q

What is MALT and where do you find it (4)?

A 
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Lymphoid tissues that protect epithelia in:
	Digestive
	Respiratory
	Urinary
	Reproductive
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33
Q

Functions of lymph nodes?

2

A

Detect pathogens before they reach vital organs

Stimulate immune response

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34
Q

Trace the path of lymph through the lymph node

6

A 
Afferent lymphatics
Dendritic cells
Outer cortex
Deep cortex
medullary sinus
Efferent lymphatics
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35
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells in lymph system?

A

recognize antigens and mount immune response

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36
Q

What cells are involved with the outer cortex during lymph flow?

A 
B cells (germinal centers)
that turn into plasma cells
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37
Q

What cells are associated with the deep cortex of the lymph node?

A

T cells

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38
Q

What cells are associated with the medullary sinus of the lymph node?

A

B cells/Plasma cells

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39
Q

After lymph leaves the efferent lymphatics in the node where does it travel to?

A

Subclavian vein to the IVC

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40
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop and mature?

A

Thymus

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41
Q

Where are thymus epithelial cells found and why?

2 each

A

Around blood vessels of the cortex of the thymus (makes the blood-thymus barrier)
Around lymphocyte clusters
(regulate t cell development and function)

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42
Q

Where do mature t cells travel to enter the blood stream?

A

to the medulla of the thymus and out of the thymic corpuscle

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43
Q

Functions of the spleen?

3

A
  1. Remove abnormal blood cells and components (phagocytosis)
  2. Store iron recycled from blood cells
  3. Initiate immune responses by B cells and T cells
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44
Q

What makes up the hilum of the spleen?

3

A

Splenic artery, vein and splenic lymphatic vessels

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45
Q

What is the splenic capsule made of?

A

collagen and elastic fibers

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46
Q

Follow the path of blood through the spleen?

6

A 
Splenic artery
to
Trabecular arterties 
to 
Central arteries
to 
capillaries discharge blood into reticular tissue of red pulp (free and fixed macrophages)
to
Sinusoids (fixed macrophages)
to 
Small veins that merge to form the oracular veins
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47
Q

What is a symptom of a splenectomy?

A

increases chances of bacterial infection (less WBCs)

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48
Q

What are the types of innate(nonspecific) immunity?

7

A 
Physical barriers
Phagocytes
Immune surveillance
Interferons
Compliments
Inflammation
Fever
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49
Q

What are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate:
Doesn’t distinguish one type of threat from another

Present at birth

Nonspecific resistance

Adaptive:
Protect against specific threats
(ineffective against others)

Depend on what lymphocytes are encountering

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50
Q

Describe the cycle of inflammation

7 steps

A
  1. mast cells signal blood flow to increase in the area
  2. Phagocytes are activated
  3. Damaged area is isolated by clotting reaction
  4. capillary permeability increased
  5. compliments activated
  6. regional temperature increased
  7. specific defenses are activated
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51
Q

What are the 5 types of phagocytes in the immune system?

A 
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
free macrophages
fixed marcophages
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52
Q

What cell is involve in immune surveillance?

A

NK cells

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53
Q

Types of physical barriers?

3

A

Sebaceous glands
hair
epithelium

54
Q

How do sebaceous glands create a physical barrier for the immune system?
4

A

Flush the surface
Bactericidal chemicals
Lysozymes
Antibodies

55
Q

What two structures in the epithelium help with immune protection?

A

Keratinized cells

desmosomes

56
Q

Function of phagocytes in the immune response?

3

A

Patrol peripheral tissues
Clean up debris
Respond to foreign substances/pathogens

57
Q

What makes all the phagocytes different from each other?

A

mechanism is the same way but their targets are different

58
Q

What does phagocytosis always begin with?

A

attachment of phagocyte to its target

59
Q

What are two ways that phagocytes get rid of their target?

A

destroy it themselves

promote its destruction by activating specific defenses/chemical( tell it to kill itself)

60
Q

How do phagocytes leave capillaries?

A

diapedesis aka emigration

61
Q

What is a type of macrophage that circulates in the blood and tissue and is called out when injury or infection happens to clean ell debris or bacteria?

A

neutrophils

62
Q

What type of cell phagocytize things with coated with antibodies?

A

eosinophils

63
Q

What do monocytes circulating in the blood become?

A

macrophages

64
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A

free and fixed

65
Q

List the steps in phagocytosis of bacteria in a capillary wall
5

A 
Neurtophil rolls
captures
adhesion and activation
spreading
extravasation(sliding out through the epithelial cells)
66
Q

Steps of destruction by NK cells?

4

A
  1. NK recognizes an abnormal antigen and adheres to the antigen carrying cell
  2. The golgi in the NK cell moves to where the cells are joined an releases secretory vesicles with perforin in them
  3. Perforin molecules are exocytosed out of the NK cell and attach to the ACC where they form pores.
  4. ACCs guts leak out and the cell dies
67
Q

How can NK cells miss some abnormally growing cells?

2

A

Some daughter cells may not have an antigen present or a chemical signal so they escape and form secondary tumors
-or-
Some cells may grow too quickly and they form a protective capsule so the NK cells can’t get to them

68
Q

What do interferons release?

A

cytokines (chemical signals to warn other cells)

69
Q

What are cytokines released by?

3

A
  1. activated lymphocytes and
  2. macrophages and
  3. cells infected with viruses
70
Q

Where do cytokines bind?

A

They bind receptors on nearby cells (second messengers)

71
Q

What does cytokine binding trigger?

A

production of antiviral proteins in the cytoplasm

72
Q

What can stimulate production of antiviral proteins?

3

A

cytokine signaling
macrophages
NK cells

73
Q

What do interferon alphas stimulate?

A

Virus infected cells stimulate nearby natural killer cells

74
Q

What do interferon betas do? and what are they secreted by?

A

Secreted by fibroblasts and they slow inflammation

75
Q

What do interferon gammas stimulate? and what are they secreted by?

A

secreted by T cells and NK cells

stimulate macrophage activity

76
Q

Interferon beta is used to treat multiple sclerosis

Why?

A

Interferon beta alerts change in the immune system that something is going on so it diverts attention away from its own tissues that its attacking

77
Q

What are compliments dependent on?

A

antibodies

78
Q

Describe the classical compliment pathway

A

Antibodies bind to bacteria cell wall
compliment attaches to antibodies
compliment enzyme activates a complement protein

79
Q

The classical compliment pathway can lead to three outcomes. What are they?

A

pore formation and lysis
enhanced phagocytosis
histamine release

80
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Phagocytes attracted to complement- bound cells

81
Q

What cells (2) are involved in histamine release and what are they causing?

A

mast cells and basophils

inflammation

82
Q

Describe the alternative complement pathway

A

There are no Antigen/antibody interactions. Pathway is stimulated by other things

83
Q

What can the alternative complement pathway be stimulated by?
4

A

Activated by

  1. bacterial endotoxins,
  2. yeast cell walls,
  3. aggregated immunoglobulins, 4. snake venom
84
Q

What are four types of complement disorders?

A

PSG (acute proliferative glomerulonephritis – hematuria)

HA (Hereditary angioedema)

TCPD (MAC: meningococcal)

SLE (lupus)

85
Q

What starts the inflammation cycle?

Examples of chemical change (4) and what does the chemical change activate

A

tissue damage and causing a chemical change in interstitial fluid.

Prostaglandins
Proteins
Potassium ions
Foreign proteins/pathogens

Mast cell activation
which releases histamine and heparin from mast cells

86
Q

In the inflammation cycle, mast cell activation leads to what? (2)

These two steps work together to accomplish what? (3)

A

redness, swelling, heat and pain
phagocyte attraction

Tissue Repair-
pathogen removal
clot erosion
scar tissue formation

87
Q

How much does fever increase your metabolism?

A

10 % per one degree increase

88
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

fever inducing proteins

89
Q

What are the two kinds of pyrogens?

A

Endogenous: cytokines
Exogenous: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

90
Q

Describe how a fever is induced in the body?

4

A
  1. macrophage ingests a bacteria
  2. degradation of bacteria releases endotoxins that make macrophage produce interleukin-1
  3. IL-1 is released into bloodstream to the hypothalamus
  4. IL-1 signals hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins= higher body temp
91
Q

Why does our body shiver during a fever?

A

body thinks our set point in 40C so shivers to warm us up to that point.

92
Q

Why does our body sweat during a fever?

A

Set point returns to normal so our body sweats to get us down to that level

93
Q

What is the main immune response to spread of infection?

A

interferons

94
Q

What are the categories of adaptive immunity?

A

active and passive

naturally and artificially

95
Q

4 properties of adaptive immunity?

A

specificity
versatility (millions of lymphocytes waiting for activation)
immunological memory (each division makes a memory cell)
tolerance (distinguishes self from non self)

96
Q

Example of artificially induced immunity?

A

vaccines

97
Q

Example of passive immunity?

A

temporary
breast feeding example
(if mom has polio vaccine they are immune until they stop breast feeding)

98
Q

What is an MHC protein?

two functions

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Membrane glycoproteins that bind pathogen peptides (antigens)
Display on cell surface
Alerts cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses

99
Q

What are the two types of MHC proteins?

A

Class I MHC: all nucleated cells

Class II MHC: antigen presenting cells (APC)

100
Q

What are CD markers?

A

cell surface markers useful for the identification and characterization of leukocytes(antigens)

101
Q

What are the two kinds of CD markers?

A

CD8 markers- respond to antigens displayed by Class 1 MHC proteins
CD4 markers- respond to antigens displayed by Class 2 MHC proteins

102
Q

List the steps involved in activation, cell division, and cell differentiation of CD8 T cells

A
  1. Antigen recognition
  2. Costimulation (CD8 marker and binding of Class 1 MHC to T cell receptor)
  3. Activation and T cell differentiation 3 kinds
103
Q

What are the three kinds of t cells that CD8 t cells differentiate into? And what does each one do?

A

Cytotoxic T cells - seek out antigen bearing cells and destroys them
Memory t cells- inactive (there of future recognition)
Suppressor t cells- provide delayed suppression

104
Q

What are the three ways cytotoxic t cells can destroys a ABC?

A 
1. Destruction of target cell
membrane through the
release of perforins
2. Activation of genes in
target cell resulting 
in apoptosis
3. Disruption of cell metabolism
through the release of
lymphotoxin
105
Q

List steps involved in Activation of CD4 T cells, B cells and antibody production?

A
  1. Antigen recognition by CD4 cell and costimulation

2. continue to look at

106
Q

What are antibodies made up of?

3

A

heavy chain
light chain
disulfide bond

107
Q

Where do antibodies bind to on antigen?

A

antigenic determinant sites

108
Q

What are partial antigens?

Whats the risk?

A

antigen (hapten) with only one binding site. They can become activated by B cells if they combine with a carrier molecule

Allergies- could be attacking normal cells

109
Q

What are epitopes?

A

Antigenic determinant sites

110
Q

Antibodies that are resistant to viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins. 80% of our antigens

A

IgG

111
Q

Antibody that attaches to basophils and mast cells

A

IgE

112
Q

Antibody found on the surface of B cells. Binds Ag in extracellular fluid and has a role in B cell sensitization

A

IgD

113
Q

First antibody secreted when an antigen is encountered

Agglutination of blood types

A

IgM

114
Q

Antibody involved in glandular secretions. Can identify pathogens before they get to internal tissues

A

IgA

115
Q

What changes in a secondary response compared to a primary response?

A

The response is more extensive and prolonged because of the presence of large amounts of memory cells. They respond immediately and much faster and stay longer.

116
Q

Why can AB+ receive blood from all donors?

A

because they recognize all antigens as self

no antibodies

117
Q

Why can a person with O- only receive O-?

A

They have antibodies made for all antigens. They recognize none as self

118
Q

What are the mechanisms antibodies uses to destroy a target?

A

Neutralization
oponsization
More but you know them

119
Q

What are allergies?

A

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens

120
Q

Allergens?

A

antigens that trigger allergic reactions

121
Q

What are autoantibodies?

A

B cells make antibodies against normal body cells

122
Q

What is Thyroiditis?

A

thyroglobulin autoantibodies

123
Q

What happens in Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

autoantibodies form complexes within connective tissues around joints (inflammation, joint destruction)

124
Q

What happens during Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

autoantibodies attack pancreatis islet cells

125
Q

What could be a possible cause of MS?

A

Some viral proteins look like cellular proteins

EBV, influenza have proteins similar to myelin

126
Q

What do immunodeficiency diseases result from?

A
  1. Embryonic development issues (lymphoid organs and tissues)
  2. Viruses (HIV, AIDS)
  3. Agents (radiation, drugs)
127
Q

What types of changes occur in your immune system when you age?

A
  1. T and B cells become less responsive
  2. Lower/slower Ab response
  3. Thymus involution

Increase infection and cancer risks

128
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

A substance that enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen

129
Q

What do stabilazers do?

4

A 
Help the vaccine remain unchanged when the exposed to:
	heat
	light
	acidity	
	humidity
130
Q

What is thimerosal and why is it controversial?

A

Mercury-containing preservative
Prevent contamination and growth of potentially harmful bacteria and fungi

Mostly blamed for the causes of autism

Physiology Week 4 (5 decks)

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