MALE REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
- a condition in which the urethral opening (meatus) is located
behind glans penis (rounded head or tip of the penis) or
anywhere along ventral surface of penile shaft
A
hypospadias
2
Q
causes of hypospadias
A
malfunction of estrogen and androgen in the formation of urethra and foreskin
3
Q
risk factors of hypospadias
A
- family hx
- genetics
- environmental
4
Q
hypospadias - recurrence rate is approximately ___ times greater in 1st degree relatives, including
father, brother or son.
A
13
5
Q
s/sx of hypospadias
A
- urethral opening not at tip
- abnormal spraying
- chordee
- incomplete foreskin
- abnormal appearance of tip
6
Q
downward curve of the penis
A
chordee
7
Q
objectives of surgical correction of hypospadias
A
- child to void in standing position and direct stream
- improve appearance of genitalia
- produce a sexually adequate organ
8
Q
mgmt for hypospadias
A
- avoid neonatal circumcision
- catheter care
- antibiotics, pain meds, anticholinergics
- increased fluids
- petroleum jelly
- quiet play
9
Q
a condition in which the
meatal opening is located
on dorsal surface (top) of
penis
A
epispadias
10
Q
s/sx of epispadias
A
- opening above the tip
- backward flow of urine into kidney
- short widened penis
- prone to UTI
11
Q
backward flow of urine into the kidney is called ___ and it may lead to ___
A
vesicoureteral reflux
reflux nephropathy
12
Q
epispadias can be associated with ___ = a birth defect in which the bladder is inside out & sticks through the abdominal wall
A
bladder exstrophy
13
Q
objectives of surgical treatment of epispadias
A
- preserve renal function
- attain urinary control
- adequate reconstructive repair
- prevention of UTI
- preserve optimum genitalia with continence and sexual function
14
Q
- involves rebuilding” the penis
- taking some of the penis
apart to move the urethra
to a more normal position
A
modified cantwell-ransley technique
15
Q
- involves taking the penis
apart completely, then putting
it back together - done so the urethra is in the
most functional & normal
position, & dorsal bend
PENILE PROBLEMS
(chordee) is corrected
A
mitchell technique
16
Q
surgery for bladder extsrophy
A
complete repair
staged repair
17
Q
traction for immobilization after epispadias surgery
A
- modified bryants
- modified bucks
- hip spica cast
18
Q
care after epispadias surgery
A
- ivf
- traction
- prevent skin breakdown
- wound care
- i and o
- catheter care
- quiet play
19
Q
a condition in which the foreskin
of the penis is so tight that it
cannot be pulled back off the
head of the penis
A
phimosis
20
Q
true or false - phimosis is commonly found in infants and young boys and it disappears as the child grows
A
true
21
Q
phimosis Occurs in less than 1 percent of teenagers between __-
A
16 and 18
22
Q
type of phimosis - – type that newborns have; natural and resolves with age
A
physiologic
23
Q
type of phimosis - developed due to scarring, infection or inflammation
A
pathologic
24
Q
grade of phimosis - – fully retractable prepuce
with stenotic ring in the shaft
A
grade 1
25
grade of phimosis - partial retractability with
partial exposure of the glans
grade 2
26
grade of phimosis -partial retractability with
exposure of the meatus only
grade 3
27
grade of phimosis - no retractability
grade 4
28
grade of phimosis -Any grade with Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) /
Balanitis
grade 5
29
s/sx of phimosis
- ballooning of foreskin
- hematuria
- painful urination and erection
- weak urination
- swelling, redness of foreskin
- UTI
30
infection of the phimotic foreskin
balanitis
31
inability to return the foreskin back to its normal position over the tip of the penis. This is a
medical emergency.
paraphimosis
32
tx mgmt for mild cases of phimosis
manual retraction of foreskin
proper cleansing
application of steroid cream
33
tx mgmt for severe cases of phimosis
circumcision (any age)
frenuloplasty / preputioplasty (older children - adolescence)
34
* occurs in males when
fluid fills the scrotum
(sac under the penis
that contains the
testicles)
* common in newborns &
often resolve
spontaneously usually by
12 months of age
hydrocele
35
causes of hydrocele
- reopening of the peritoneal sac in in the inguinal canal
- blockage in the spermatic cord
- inguinal hernia surgery
- infection or injury of the scrotum / testicle
36
type of hydrocele - - the sac does not close, the fluid around the testicle can flow back up into the abdomen
communicating
37
type of hydrocele - there is no connection between the abdominal
cavity & the sac around the testicle in the scrotum
non-communicating
38
s/sx of hydrocele
swollen scrotum
heaviness in the scrotum
PAINLESS
39
diagnostic evaluation of hydrocele
sonography
transillumination
40
surgical procedure to remove a hydrocele
hydrocelectomy
41
a procedure where fluid is removed from a hydrocele
Hydrocele Aspiration
42
* a penis that is covered by excess skin in the pubic area
or scrotum
* Penis is usually of normal length & function, but is
hidden
buried / hidden / concealed penis
43
causes of buried penis
- congenital
- circumcision complication
- ligament problem
- fluid retention
- excess fat
44
complications of buried penis
- urination probs
- skin irritation
- UTI
- balanitis
- difficulty in erection, sex
- psych probs
45
true or false - In very young children, a buried penis
may resolve without any intervention
true
46
* occurs in the testicles (testes),
located inside the scrotum
* Uncommon condition but are
usually malignant when found in
adolescence
testicular tumors
47
most common solid tumor in males ___ of age
15 to 34 years
48
s/sx of testicular tumors
- heavy, hard, painless mass
- does not transilluminate
- testicle hangs lower
49
diagnostic evaluation for tumor
- utz
- ct scan
- tumor marker blood tests
50
tx mgmt for testicular tumors
* Orchiectomy & removal of
adjacent lymph nodes if
affected
* Chemotherapy
* Radiotherapy
51
advise to give people with / at risk for testicular tumors
- TSE
- sperm banking
- hormone supplements
52
* enlargement of the veins within the loose bag
of skin that holds your testicles (scrotum)
* Characterized by elongation, dilation, &
tortuosity of the veins of the spermatic cord
superior to the testicle (veins dilate greater
than 2 mm)
varicocele
53
incidence of varicocele increases dramatically at the ___
onset of puberty
54
varicocele is found most often on the ___ side
left
55
cause of varicocele
defective valves in veins preventing blood from flowing properly causing backup
56
s/sx of varicocele
- wormlike mass above testicle
- discomfort
- left testicle is smaller
- decreasing testicle size
- decreasing levels of dihydrotestosterone in seminal plasma
57
used to diagnose varicocele - shows dilatation of the vessels
of the pampiniform plexus
doppler ultrasound
58
treatment for varicocele - involves removing or ligating (tying off) the affected veins to restore proper blood flow to the testicles
Varicocelectomy
59
* a condition in which the tunica
vaginalis, which normally encases
the testicle, fails to do so & the
testis hangs free from its vascular
structures
* results in partial or complete
venous occlusion with rotation
around the vascular axis
* can cause the testes to twist
around the spermatic cord
testicular torsion
60
true or false - testicular torsion is not a surgical emergency
false
61
peak onset age of testicular torsion
13 years old
62
*most common
cause of testicular
loss in young
males
testicular torsion
63
causes of testicular torsion
bell clapper deformity
trauma
rapid growth
cremasteric reflex
64
This is an anatomical variation where the tunica vaginalis (the membrane covering the
testicle) attaches higher up than normal, allowing the testicle to move more freely within the scrotum and increasing the risk of
twisting.
bell clapper deformity
65
a normal reflex in males where stroking the inner thigh causes the cremaster muscle to contract, pulling the testicle up towards the inguinal canal
cremasteric reflex
66
hallmark sign of testicular torsion
sudden, severe testicular pain
67
s/sx of testicular torsion
- severe pain
- swollen scrotum
- NV
- abd pain
- absence of cremasteric reflex
68
the process of undoing or removing a torsion, which is a twisting or twisting-like distortion of an object or structure
detorsion
69
an inflammatory reaction of the epididymis
epididymitis
70
causes of eepididymitis
- bacterial/viral infection
- chemical irritant
- local trauma
71
s/sex of epididymitis
- slow onset of unilateral scrotal pain
- urethral discharge
- dysuria
- fever
- pyuria
72
diagnostics for epididymitis
- urinalysis
- rectal exam
- ultrasound
- test for syphilis and HIV
73
complications of epididymitis
* chronic epididymitis
* abscess
* permanent damage of epididymis
leading to infertility &
hypogonadism
* Spread of infection to any other
organ
74
tx mgmt for epididymitis
- antibiotic
- analgesics
- scrotal support
- cold compress
- bed rest
- limitation of activity
75
antibiotics give for epididymitis
azithromycin and cefixime
76
* an enlargement or swelling of breast tissue in males
* Maybe unilateral or bilateral
gynecomastia
77
gynecomastia should be evaluated for rare adrenal or gonadal tumors or ___
klinefelter syndrome
78
gynecomastia can be drug-induced:
* Calcium blockers
* Ketoconazoles
* Spinorolactone
* Estrogens
* Cimetidine
* Antiandrogens
* Street drugs - amphetamines, marijuana,
BREAST PROBLEMS
heroin, methadone
79
tx mgmt for gynecomastia
- stopping meds
- plastic surgery
- counselling
