Mating systems

Question 1

What is a mating system?

Answer 1

The mating system describes how males and females pair when choosing a mate.

Question 2

Why do males and females appraoch mating with different recipies.

Answer 2

This is because they have different investments in reproduction.

Question 3

How many chromosomes fo asexually reproducing animals offspring recieve.

Answer 3

They pass on all of their genes and chromosomes.

Question 4

How many copies of chromosomes do diploidly sexually reproducing animals have?

Answer 4

2 copies of each chromosomes.

Question 5

How many copies of each chromosome do diploidly sexually reproducing organims pass to their offspring?

Answer 5

They pass on one copy of each chromosome on the egg and sperm.

Question 6

Which is more common in nature? sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

Sexual reproduction

Question 7

What is the advantage and cost of sexual reproduction?

Answer 7

Cost: Only pass on 1/2 of total genes to offspring.
Advantage: Genetic recombination (this allows them to be genetically diverse).

Question 8

Sexual reproduction increases the chances of acquiring favorable mutation and is unlikely to propagate deleterious ones.

(True or falses)

Answer 8

True

Question 9

When is genetic recombination or genetic diversity advantageous?

Answer 9

In changing environments.

Question 10

What organism chooses asexual reproduction in stable conditions?

Answer 10

Aphids

Question 11

What is the advantages of genetic diversity?

Answer 11

• Increase in favorable mutation.
• Decrease in the propagation of deleterious genes.
• Best for changing environments.
• Evolutionary defenses against parasites and diseases (seen in Mud snails)

Question 12

Which species show the advanatage of genetic diversity. In the sense of evolutionary defenses agaisnt parasites and diseases.

Answer 12

Mud snail

Question 13

What does sexual reproduction involves?

Answer 13

Evolutionary differentiation of females and males.

Question 14

Female gamtes vs Male gamtes.

Answer 14

• Females produces less gametes (eggs) than males and invest great in each gamete.
• Male produce a lot og gemetes (sperms) than females and have low investment in each one .

(due to the high investment of eggs females spend more care choosing ma

Question 15

Nearly all females in a population mate and have offspring, but relatively few males mate successfully

(True or false)

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Variance of mating sucess in females vs males.

Answer 16

Female variance in mating success is low meanwhile male variance in mating success is high.

Question 17

Males that mate with multiple females tend to have a higher reproductive output but those that do not have this (many) may have little to no output.

(True ir false)

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What does the bateman’s principle suggesttions for fitness of females and males agaisntmating frequencies?

Answer 18

• For females mating frequency increases and so fitness is relatively constant.
• Males fitness increases as their mating frequency does.

Question 19

What is the key element of the mating system?

Answer 19

Mate choice/ choosing a mate.

Question 20

Why are females the chooser ones within a species than males?

Answer 20

This is because they have higher investment in their offsprings and so have developed multiple traits in which they look for in a male so that their offsprings will be successful.

Question 21

What are the 3 things that females will prefer males for?

Answer 21

• Good genes
• Possession of resources
• Parential care.

Question 22

Due to female selection for mate males undergo a strong sexual selection.

(True or false)

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Females that carefully select their mate are in low risk of losing their investment.

(true or false)

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Selection favors females that shoose mate that enhances likelihood of offsprings success.

(True or false)

Answer 24

True

Question 25

When does male male choice come into play? | (2 ways in which this is approrpiate)

Answer 25

1. When males are heavily involved in parential care for their offspring. 2. When there is a great variation in female quality within the population.

Question 26

What does male mating choice do to females? | (does selection act on them more?)

Answer 26

Females will then undergo sexual selection in which they evolve ornaments or coloration.

Question 27

How many type of mating systems are there? Name them.

Answer 27

4 types. 1. Monogamy 2. Polygyny 3. Polyandry 4. Promiscuity

Question 28

What is monogamy in animals?

Answer 28

This is when they have one mating parthner.

Question 29

Which species monogamy is mainly found in?

Answer 29

Bird species. This type of mating system is usually rare in animals.

Question 30

What is the theritical actions of animals in monogamy?

Answer 30

* Contribute to parential care * Defense

Question 31

Is most monogamous animals truly monogamous?

Answer 31

No.

Question 32

Why do monogamous species have serial monogamy or extra-pair copulations ?

Answer 32

In order to increase genetic variation in offsprings. Males do it for reproductive success.

Question 33

What is the turly monogamous species own to data?

Answer 33

Flatworm (Diplozoon Paradoxum). They fused together and spend their lifetime sucking blood from the gills of fishes.

Question 34

What is polygyny

Answer 34

One male and multiple females.

Question 35

Where is polygyn commonly found?

Answer 35

In mamals

Question 36

What is polygyny used by males for? | (advantage of it)

Answer 36

To increase their reproductive fitness.

Question 37

What are the 3 types of polygyny and explain each one.

Answer 37

1. Leks- Females find males more attractive in groups than singles. So males walk in groups when looking for mates. 2. Harems- A defesned group of females by one males. Females are in the group for defense herded by one male. Male may compete to gain control of the group. 3. Resource defense polygyny: Females are attracted to the resources so males compete for territorial ownership of resource and by extendion mating priority.

Question 38

What is polyandry?

Answer 38

Multiple males to One female.

Question 39

Types of polyandry and describe them.

Answer 39

Coorperative polyandry : Seen in Galapagos Hawks. All males mate with the female and she recieves brood provisioning by all the males. Resource strategy polyandry: Where females control resources so they control mating associations. (seen in Spotted Sandpiper).

Question 40

What is Polygyandry?

Answer 40

Where multiple males mate with multiple females.

Question 41

Which species rely on Polygyandry?

Answer 41

Chimpanzees and Bonobos.

Question 42

How is polygyandry seen as advantageous from the female perspective? | (3 reasons)

Answer 42

1. Paternity confusion 2. Decreased infanticide 3. Multiple males care for brood.

Question 43

What is promiscuity?

Answer 43

Mate randomly and have no pair bonds. This is not appropriate in unpredictable or changing environment.