MCP 5

Question 0

lipid soluble vitamins

Answer 0

A, D, K, and E. structure resembles lipids. generally are stored more efficiently than water soluble. deficiencies dont arise as quickly. toxicity may be a problem, especially with D and A.

Question 1

how do vitamin deficiencies arise?

Answer 1

poor nutrition, increased demand, problem with absorption of one or more vitamins, interactions with medications

Question 2

water soluble vitamins

Answer 2

B and C. more hydrophillic structure. in general, deficiencies can arise more rapidly if vitamin is unavailable since they are excreted efficiently. less likely to be toxic

Question 3

vitamin A functions

Answer 3

visual cycle: rhodopsin and cone opsins. synth of certain glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides. retinoic acid: acts as a hormone. antioxidant

Question 4

vitamin A deficiency

Answer 4

night blindness early, xerophtalmia (thickening of conjunctiva) advanced. follicular hyperkeratosis (goosebumps that dont go away). anemia despite normal iron intake. poor growth in children. increased suceptibility to infection and cancer. susceptible groups are poor, malnourished, and premature babies

Question 5

vitamin A toxicity

Answer 5

accumulates in liver. excess intake can be toxic. symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, bone pain, scaly skin, and orange cast to skin.

Question 6

vitamin D functions

Answer 6

maintaining bone. calcium homeostasis. acts as a hormone: receptors are present in many tissues but full range of activity is unknown

Question 7

vitamin D deficiency

Answer 7

rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults. increased susceptibility to breast and other canceres, metabolic syndrome/diabetes, and infection. susceptible groups are poor, elderly, alcoholics

Question 8

synth of active vitamin D

Answer 8

needs three organ systems: skin (sunlight), liver, and kidney (both hydroxylation)

active form is called calcitriol

Question 9

vitamin D and cancer

Answer 9

low serum vitamin D in post menopausal women is correlated with increased risk of breast cancer. polymorphisms of D receptor and breastcancer links have been amde. D effects are postulated to arise from cell cycle signalling effects through the D receptor

Question 10

vitamin K functions

Answer 10

localization of enzymes required during blood clotting. helps catalyze addition of gamma-carboxyglutamate to clotting enzymes.

Question 11

vitamin K deficiency

Answer 11

results in easy bruising, bleeding, and hemorrhage. susceptible groups are newborn infants, patients on long term antibiotics, elderly and other with defects in fat absorption. babies lack bacteria that make vitamin K and deficiency can lead to brain bleed. given shot at birth. In adults, long term antibiotics can kill the bacteria that make K.

Question 12

vitamin K in blood clotting

Answer 12

essential for enzymes involved in GLA modification of several clotting enzymes

Question 13

vitamin E function

Answer 13

antioxidant. scavenges free radicals. protects membranes from damage. prevents oxidation of LDL

Question 14

vitamin E deficiency

Answer 14

cardiovascular disease. neurological symptoms. susceptible groups include patients with severe, prolonged defects in absorption (celiac) or genetic effects

Question 15

vitamin C function

Answer 15

cofactor for oxidases involved in collagen formation. required for synthesis of steroids in stress response. aids in absorption of iron. has antioxidant activity.

Question 16

vitamin C deficiency

Answer 16

mild: bruising, immunocompromise
severe: scurvy (decreased would healing, osteoporosis, hemorrhage and anemia, fatigue, corkscrew hairs, pinpoint hemorrhages, periodontal disease)

susceptible groups: people with poor diet, smokers, pirates

Question 17

energy releasing B complex vitamins

Answer 17

thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6)

Question 18

hematopoietic B complex vitamins

Answer 18

Folate (B9) and Cobalamin (B12)

Question 19

energy releasing B vitamin deficiencies

Answer 19

symptoms show up first in rapidly growing tissue: skin (dermatitis, red tongue, swollen, glossitis), GI (diarrhea)

nervous system affected due to high energy demand. peripheral neuropathy or tingling of extremities, depression, confusion, lack of coordination, malaise.

Question 20

thiamine function

Answer 20

vitamin B1. required cofactor for several enzymes in cellular energy metabolism. particularly critical in nervous system

Question 21

thiamine deficiency

Answer 21

mild: GI symptoms, depression, fatigue.
moderate: Wernicke korsakoff syndrome
severe: beriberi

Question 22

wenicke korsakoff syndrome

Answer 22

moderate/severe thiamine deficiency. seen in alcoholics. mental disturbance, unsteady gate, uncoordinated eye movements. occasionally congestive heart failure

Question 23

beriberi

Answer 23

severe thiamine deficiency. seen in japan when they had polished rice. extreme muscle weakness, polyneuropathy, heart failure. wet beriberi has edema

Question 24

riboflavin function

Answer 24

B2. precursoe of FAD and FMN, key coenzymes for redox reactions involved in energy metabolism.

Question 25

riboflavin deficiency

Answer 25

ariboflavinosis: rash around nose, inflammation of mouth and tongue, burning and itchy eyes, light sensitivity. susceptible groups are alcoholics, deficiency is quite uncommon

Question 26

niacin function

Answer 26

B3. precursor of NAD and NADP. coenzymes important in redox reactions of energy metabolism. given to patients with hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia

Question 27

niacin deficiency

Answer 27

B3. pellagra, characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental symptoms (confusion, memory loss, mania)

susceptible groups are those with corn or millet based diets

Question 28

biotin function

Answer 28

coenzyme for several carboxylases

Question 29

biotin deficiency

Answer 29

rare, but can be caused by eating a lot of raw eggs. eggs contain avidin which binds biotin very tightly, causing it to not function

Question 30

pantothenic acid function

Answer 30

B5. required for synth of CoA. CoA is a coenzyme for a ton of things. required for TCA cycle and metabolism of all fats and proteins

Question 31

pantothenic acid deficiency

Answer 31

B5. very rare. symptoms are typical of B vitamins. B5 is found in a ton of foods so the deficiency is rare

Question 32

pyridoxine function

Answer 32

precursor of pyridoxal phosphate. required for glycogen breakdown and synthesis of GABA and heme.

Question 33

pyridoxine deficiency

Answer 33

B6. mild: irritability, nervousness, depression. Severe: peripheral neuropathy, convulsions, decreased glucose tolerance, hyperhomocysteinemia (cardiovascular risk), anemia

susceptible groups are patients treated with certain drugs : isoniazid for TB