MCQs

Question 1

Gray’s Type 1 synapses are ___________ while Gray’s Type 2 synapses are____________.

Answer 1

asymmetric; symmetric

Question 2

The action potential depends on the presence of extracellular ___________.

Answer 2

sodium

Question 3

Antagonists of which receptor are used as antiemetics, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics?

Answer 3

5HT3

Question 4

_________ is actively concentrated inside the cell and __________ outside.

Answer 4

Potassium in, Sodium and Calcium out

Question 5

________________ is/are an example of a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

Answer 5

DA, NE, Epi

Question 6

In general, which segment of a GPCR is responsible for specificity of the receptor?

Answer 6

3rd intracellular loop

Question 7

The neurons of the substantia nigra are ____________ and contain the pigment ___________.

Answer 7

dopaminergic; neuromelanin

Question 8

_____________ is the major excitatory transmitter in the brain and __________ is the major inhibitory transmitter.

Answer 8

Glutamate and GABA

Question 9

Hodgkin and Huxley found that the resting membrane potential of the inside versus the outside of the axon is ___________.

Answer 9

-60mV

Question 10

Endocannabinoids are ___________________.

Answer 10

hydrophobic, retrograde messengers,

found on both GABA and Glutamate nerve endings

Question 11

What is Neurotensin?

Answer 11

Peptide neurotransmitter that requires calcium to be released.

Question 12

Muscarinic ACh receptors are both _____

Answer 12

Presynaptic and postsynaptic

Question 13

In mammals, at membrane potentials negative to –102 mV, K+ ions tend to flow ____ the cell; increasing the membrane conductance to K+ causes the membrane potential to become more ___________.

Answer 13

in; depolarized

Question 14

Calcium currents ______________.

Answer 14

contribute to electrophysiological processes.

are important for 2nd messenger systems

voltage sensitive

Question 15

________________ is involved in the enzymatic degradation of catecholamines.

Answer 15

MAO

Question 16

Of the types of neuroglia, ___________ play a role in nerve growth while ___________ serve immune functions for neurons in the brain.

Answer 16

Astrocytes, microglia

Question 17

The blood-brain barrier is formed by the encapsulation of ____________ by ___________ which creates selective permeation into the brain tissue.

Answer 17

capillaries; neuroglia

Question 18

Purinergic receptors are ________ that bind ATP and __________.

Answer 18

GPCRs; adenosine

Question 19

Which of these ions are permeated through 5HT3 ionotropic receptors?

Answer 19

Na+, K+

Question 20

The basic structure of a neuron includes a cell body, a variable number of __________, and a single _________.

Answer 20

dendrites; axon

Question 21

In the periphery, ______________ are the primary immune support for neurons.

Answer 21

Schwann Cells

Question 22

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation of a ____________ channel.

Answer 22

Chloride

Question 23

Which part of a neuron is responsible for generating action potential?

Answer 23

axon hillock

Question 24

Which of the following are important for the Nernst equation?

Answer 24

temperature, ionic concentration outside and inside the cell.

Question 25

Myelin is synthesized in the periphery by _____________ and in the CNS by ___________.

Answer 25

Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes

Question 26

The GABAA receptor is ____________ and is selective for __________.

Answer 26

ionotropic; anions

Question 27

The rate of acetylcholine synthesis is determined by ______________.

Answer 27

choline

Question 28

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) selectively blocks voltage-dependent _______ currents.

Answer 28

Potassium

Question 29

Curare works by binding to the postsynaptic receptor for which neurotransmitter?

Answer 29

acetylcholine

Question 30

In general, GPCRs are comprised of ____________ polypeptide (s) and spans the membrane ________ times.

Answer 30

single, 7

Question 31

The active zone of a presynaptic neuron contains numerous ______________, and the membrane of this area is densely packed with ______________.

Answer 31

synaptic vesicles; calcium channels

Question 32

Norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine by ________________.

Answer 32

Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase

Question 33

The nicotinic receptor, GABAA receptor, and the 5HT3 receptor are all

Answer 33

ionotropic

Question 34

Protein zero is the primary building block of

Answer 34

peripheral myelin.

Question 35

Vesicular monoamine transporters are inhibited by _______________.

Answer 35

Reserpine

Question 36

The ____________ determines the quantity and connections that a neuron makes.

Answer 36

dendritic tree

Question 37

NOS is activated by ________________.

Answer 37

Ca++ binding to calmodulin

Question 38

The capillary endothelial cells in the brain contribute to the blood-brain barrier through use of

Answer 38

tight junctions

Question 39

The ____________ refers to the membrane potential following an action potential that typically becomes more negative than the original value.

Answer 39

after hyper-polarization

Question 40

Which enzyme that catalyzes monoamine synthesis is found in dopamine neurons?

Answer 40

monoamine oxidase

Question 41

GABAergic interneurons of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex are fall into which category of neurons?

Answer 41

inhibitory with local contacts

Question 42

Which of these is a connection between populations of neurons projecting from one brain region to another?

Answer 42

macrocircuit

Question 43

The synaptic cleft is bounded on one side by the presynaptic ____________ and the other with the postsynaptic _________.

Answer 43

terminal bouton; dendrites

Question 44

Muscarinic ACh and beta adrenergic receptors are

Answer 44

GPCRs.

Question 45

Action potentials are produced through an increase in ________ conductance followed by an increase in ________ conductance.

Answer 45

Sodium, potassium

Question 46

Low threshold calcium currents have a threshold of ________ mV.

Answer 46

- 65

Question 47

Neurons that spontaneously generate action potentials at low frequencies (1-10 Hz) are associated with ____________.

Answer 47

ACh

Question 48

NMDA receptors require which of these in order to open their channels?

Answer 48

glutamate binding and depolarization

Question 49

The nicotinic receptor is selectively permeable to ___________ due to its structure creating a _________ charged pore.

Answer 49

cations, negatively

Question 50

The brain accounts for _______ percent of the total serotonin found in the body.

Answer 50

1

Question 51

The membrane potential where there is no net flow of ions is known as ____________.

Answer 51

equilibrium potential

Question 52

The voltage-sensitive K+ current that regulates the responsiveness of the neuron to depolarizing inputs is known as the _____ current.

Answer 52

m

Question 53

D1-like receptors _________ adenylate cyclase and D2-like receptors _________ adenylate cyclase.

Answer 53

activate, inhibit

Question 54

Prozac works by blocking _____________.

Answer 54

DAT and SERT

Question 55

Neuropeptide receptors are

Answer 55

GPCRs

Question 56

When a GPCR is activated, it couples to a _____________ initiating the exchange of ______________.

Answer 56

G-protein; GDP for GTP

Question 57

Dopamine is converted to norepinephrine by ________________.

Answer 57

Dopamine 3-Hydroxylase

Question 58

Catacholamines are release peripherally by___________________.

Answer 58

Tyramine

Question 59

Calcium ion permeability of neuronal nicotinic receptors is__________ compared to muscle nicotinic receptors?

Answer 59

higher

Question 60

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) selectively blocks voltage-dependent _______ currents.

Answer 60

sodium

Question 61

High threshold calcium channels have ____ homologous domains, each with ____ regions.

Answer 61

four; six

Question 62

Which of these are excitatory projection neurons?

Answer 62

pyramidal cells

Question 63

A single GPCR can activate _______ G-protein (s).

Answer 63

many

Question 64

Acetycholinesterase is responsible for the____________ of acetylcholine.

Answer 64

inactivation

Question 65

Which of these is a local inhibitory interneuron of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 65

basket cell, double bouquet, chandelier cell

Question 66

Action potential transmission in myelinated neurons propagates very rapidly due to its ability to ‘leap’ down the axon on the ___________ that occur between ___________.

Answer 66

Nodes of Ranvier; myelin internodes

Question 67

Glycine receptors are __________ located in the spinal cord and brain stem and are selectively permeable to _________.

Answer 67

inhibitory; calcium ions

Question 68

Nicotinic receptors open in response to the binding of _____ acetylcholine molecules that produces a conformational change in the _______ subunit.

Answer 68

two; TM2

Question 69

Desensitization of GPCRs occurs when PKA or PKC _________ sites on the _______ intracellular loop.

Answer 69

phosphorylates; third

Question 70

High-affinity neuronal reuptake of neurotransmitters requires ______.

Answer 70

Na+ K+ Cl-

Question 71

The absolute refractory period is mediated by the inactivation of ____channels.

Answer 71

Na+

Question 72

At normal resting membrane potential, NMDA receptors are blocked by

Answer 72

Mg