MD2001

Question 1

Oestradiol

Answer 1

Oestrogen

Question 2

Where is the FSH and LH produced

Answer 2

Anterior Pituitary Glands

Question 3

What are the 2 places in the hypothalamus that is responsible for ovarian control

Answer 3

Preoptic nucleus

Supraoptic nucleus

Question 4

GnRH (6 features)

Answer 4

Produced in both males and females in the hypothalamus
Released as prohormone
Modified to active form
Secreted to hypophyseal portal system
Pulsatile
Delivered via hypophyseal portal circulation to anterior pituitary gonadotrobes via veins

Question 5

Benefits of pulsatile hormones (3 features)

Answer 5

Low energy
Does not desensitise tissue receptors
Stress and other substances could influence the secretion of it

Question 6

Function of ovaries (2)

Answer 6

Houses oocytes

Contains follicles in various stages of development

Question 7

Stages of development of oocytes

Answer 7

Premordial
Primary (has no theca cells; has granulose cells)
Secondary
Tertiary
Graafin follicles

Question 8

Theca cells (4)

Answer 8

Superficial layer
Has LH receptors
Changes cholesterol into pregnenolone
Produces androstenedione and testosterone

Question 9

Granulosa cells

Answer 9

Deep layer
Layer increases in size during evelopment
Has LH and FSH receptors
Conert cholesterol into pregnenolone and activate aromatsa

Question 10

Theca cells form testosterone and andestenodione
Donates them to granulose cells
FSH activate aromatase
Binds with androstenedione to form oestrogen

Answer 10

-

Question 11

Types of oestrogen

Answer 11

Oestradiol
Oestrone
Oestriole

Question 12

Functions of oestrogen on bones

Answer 12

Increases bone growth

Question 13

Oestrogen on endocrine system

Answer 13

Increase progesterone

Question 14

Oestrogen on liver

Answer 14

Increases clotting factor
Increases HDL
Increases steroid binding proteins
Decreases LDL

Question 15

Oestrogen on reproductive organs

Answer 15

Increases uterine growth
Increases vaginal and Fallopian tube growth
Increases breast growth
Increases cervical mucus
Increases LH receptors on granulose cells

Question 16

Secretion regulation of oestrogen

Answer 16

1. Mid shift from negative to positive feedback, caused by changes of receptors (GnRH in anterior pituitary when oestrogen level is high)
   2, Results in LH and FSH production before ovulation

Question 17

Progestins

Answer 17

Progesterones
Produced in theca cells and granulose cells
Short half life (5 mins)
Regulation is linked to oestrogen
Develop materials to make milk but inhibit the production of milk

Question 18

Menstrual cycle

Answer 18

Ovarian cycle + endometrial cycle

Question 19

Ovarian cycle

Answer 19

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

Question 20

Follicular phase

Answer 20

Due to the mature of Graafin follicles/secondary oocytes

Question 21

Luteal phase

Answer 21

Dominated by corpus luteum
- Synthesise/secrete oestrogen and progesterone for implantation/maintenance of fertilised eggs
Corpus luteum regress and degenerates 10-12 days if no fertilisation

Question 22

Endometrial cycle

Answer 22

Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstruation

Question 23

Proliferative phase

Answer 23

Endometrial growth due to increase of oestrogen
Blood vessel and gland growth occurs
Ovulation = end of phase

Question 24

Secretory phase

Answer 24

Maturation but no growth of endometrium due to low level of oestrogen
Mucus glands fully develop
Glands and blood vessels increases surface area

Question 25

Menstruation

Answer 25

If no conception, endometrial lining replaced - Vasoconstriction of spiral arteries - Local ischaemic injury - Inflammatory cell infiltration

Question 26

Lactation

Answer 26

Milk production and secretion

Question 27

Mammary glands

Answer 27

Breast tissue prepared during puberty via female gonadal hormones

Question 28

Development in pregnancy

Answer 28

``` Oestrogen Progestins - Prepares breast for milk production, but no milk is produced HcG from foetus Prolactin for milk production ```

Question 29

Oxytocin

Answer 29

Let down milk

Question 30

Follicular phase and luteal phase split by ovulation

Answer 30

-

Question 31

Corpus luteum

Answer 31

What oocytes leave behind after ovulated Stimulates production of hormones Degenerates if fertilisation does not occur

Question 32

Lydia cells

Answer 32

Produces testosterone

Question 33

Testis

Answer 33

Contains: Leydig cells Blood vessels Seminiferous tubules (produces sperm and house Sertoli cells)

Question 34

Spermatogenesis

Answer 34

``` Spermatogonia Primary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes Spermatids Spermatozoa ```

Question 35

Testosterone

Answer 35

Regulates spermatogenesis Increase bone growth Increases muscle and connective tissue Increases size of testes, prostate, seminal vesicles and penis Increase facial, axillary and pubic hair Increases size of larynx Increases sebaceous gland size and secretion

Question 36

Testosterone secretion regulattyion

Answer 36

Pathway similar to ovaries except: - Only 1 primary hormone (progesterone) vs. 2 primary hormone (oestrogen & progestins) - No roles of acting established

Question 37

Progestin

Answer 37

- Aids in conversion of endometrial cycling from proliferative to secretory phase - Responsible for increase of body temperature in luteal phase of ovarian cycle

Question 38

Negative feedback anterior pituitary in females

Answer 38

Oestrogen, progestins and inhibins

Question 39

Positive feedback anterior pituitary in females

Answer 39

Activins

Question 40

Negative feedback anterior pituitary in males

Answer 40

Testosterone and inhibins B

Question 41

Negative feedback hypothalamus in males

Answer 41

Testosterone

Question 42

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

Answer 42

``` Embryonic development of male genitals Accessory organs Growth of genitals; hairs Spermatogenesis Anabolic effects of musculoskeletal system ```