Phonetics, phonology and prosodics
How speech sounds and effects are articulated and analysed
Graphology
The visual aspects of textual design and appearance
Lexis and semantics
The vocabulary of English, including social and historical variation
Grammar
Structural patterns and shapes of English at sentence, clause, phrase and word level
Pragmatics
The contextual aspects of language use
Discourse
Extended stretches of communication occurring in different genres, modes and contexts
Audience positioning
The way a text is able to act to ‘mould’ or ‘shape’ its audience towards an interpretation that means the text will achieve its purpose