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Pyschology > Measurement Techniques > Flashcards

Measurement Techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

3 categories of measuring pyschology

A
  1. behavioural
  2. neuropysiological
  3. psychophysiological
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2
Q

types of behavioural techniques

A 
conditiniong
questtionatires
animal tests
cognitive tests
puschophysics
infants and habituation
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3
Q

types of neurophsyioloical techniques

A 
lesion studies
MRi, Pet, TMS
EEG MEG TMS
CT
X ray
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4
Q

types of psychophysiological techniques

A

galvanic skin conductance
salivdary hormones
eye tracking
electrocardiography

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5
Q

what are electrophysiological readings

A

microelectrodes are placed into monkey/cat/mice brains to record neural activitiy

usually involves surfering on an animal where an area is removed and the electrodes are placed

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6
Q

what are electrophysiological readings used for

A

measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and, in particular, action potential activity

used to record responses to stimuli that affect rate of neronal firing near electrode

used to map brain’s sensory somatic cortex using electrical stimulation to see how the body responds

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7
Q

advatnges of electrophysiological readings

A

direct recording of neural activity

high spatial resolution

high temporal resolution

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8
Q

disadvantages of electrophysiological readings

A

invasive= unethical to use on humans

looks at SINGLe neurons but not networks

difficult to study complex tasks as its mono-functional

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9
Q

when can electrophysiological readings be used on humans

A

cancer patients where tumor removal occurs

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10
Q

types of lesions

A
  1. aspiration lesions
  2. radiofrequency lesions
  3. knife cuts
  4. reversible lesions
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11
Q

aspiration lesions

A

Skin lesion aspiration is the withdrawal of fluid from a skin lesion (cortical tissue) and insert stimuli= accessible to eyes and instruments of sureons

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12
Q

radiofrequency lesions

A

using radiofrequency currents that pass through target tissue

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13
Q

knife cuts

A

elimiante conductinos in nerve tracts

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14
Q

reversible lesions

A

temporary eliminate activity in a brian area using anaestehthic or cooling

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15
Q

what do lesions allow

A

insights into brain functional organization

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16
Q

famous lesion cases

A
  1. brocas area (non-fluent aphasia)
  2. wernickes area (fluent aphasia)
    == anoatmication language dissociations
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17
Q

pros of lesion studies

A

establish cause-effect of brain area and function

noninvasive (but patients might tire from experiments)

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18
Q

cons of lesion studies

A

no two lesions same (not common; inaccurate)
damage widespread
damage may effect other cognitive abilities
platicity of brain (hence changes might result of function-area; i.e. stroke tennis player)

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19
Q

what (in humans) is used to study pyschophysiological activity

A

eeg= electroencephalography

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20
Q

set-up of EEGs

A

measures electrical signals by placing electrode ‘swimming cap’ onto patients head + weakly measure neural activity passing through skull

  • measures different wave variations (alpha, beta, etc.) aand their length/speed
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21
Q

what are ERPs

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A

event related potentials: other factors such as noise that can affect an EEG reading and create signals

as a result= signals are averaged to reduce ‘background’ noise

22
Q

what do EEGS measure

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A

electircal signals and brain activity/consciousness

23
Q

what is N170

Study These Flashcards
A

a type of Event Related Potential: evidence for face slectivity in human brain as 170ms after a negative face stimuli elecits a response

24
Q

pros of EEG

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A

high temporal resolution (up to 1 ms)
non inavsive
can even be used on infants
cheaper than fMRI

25
cons of EEG
poor spatial resolution infiinte possiblities for what aused a wave can only measure weak signals from neurons in specific orietnations no causal inference synchronous firings of neurons can sometimes make it hard to find a measurable signal
26
Magnetoencephaolography (MEG) set up
magenetic fields placed into brain expensive than EEG weak provides high spatial resolution/3D images
27
what do PET scans do
branin imagies= identify active brain areas used radioactive markers that indicate 'active' brain areas (glucose consumption= conecentraion) allows the measurment of moleculers using radioative ligands to study addiction/parkinsons/ etc and how brain responds to reward allocation (radioative fluorodeyoxguclose insterd into brain and taken up by energy consumping scelles which a Pet scan measures)
28
pros of pet scans
measures specific molecule concentraitons spatial resolution better than an EEG can imagine whole brain provide FUNCTIONAL brain images
29
cons of pet scan
invasive (radioactive tracesr) no clear anatomical linkages poor temporal resolution no causal inference
30
what techniques are used for structural brain imaging
fMRI DTI MRi
31
MRI set up
magnetic resonance imaging; measures water concentraiton in brain tissues where participants placed in a 'scanner' and hydrogen protoons are measured looks at how brain works in response to stimuli e.g. mcgill hippocampus study on london taxi drivers
32
MRI set up
measures water concentraiton in brain tissues where participants placed in a 'scanner' and hydrogen protons are measured compares activities with each other (structural and funcitonal) looks at how brain works in response to stimuli e.g. mcgill hippocampus study on london taxi drivers
33
MRI pros
excellent spatial resolution | can image whol brain
34
MRI cons
poor temporal | indriect measure of neural activit (only oxygen consumption)
35
DTI set up
Diffusion Sensor Imagery= water molecular pathways are identified - tracks fibres - estimates location/orientation of white matter - used in schrozophenia studies
36
what is TMS used for
for inference and manipulation of the brain and body
37
set up of TMS
magnetic fields created using coils that hyperpolarize temporarily brain areas and allow for inference of cause-effect relations between brain areas and motor functions uses mri to identiy the brain areas to be stimulated
38
pros of TMS
reversible may have therapeuc benefits (depresion patients) precising timing of TMS pulses enable cause-effect inferences in specific brain areas
39
what is the common test battery
a way to measure ingglience other than IQ; instead using the WAIS (Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
40
new creative solutions
1. neuroprosethethics to replace malfunctioning brain areas 2. optogenetics 4. human brain project
41
what needs to be considered when using a tool
1. is it safe? 2. how well can inferences be drawn? 3. spatial and temporal variations?
42
EEG waves and states of consciousncess
beta and gamma= high frequency/exicted and awake delta= asleep alpha= relaxed theata= drowsy
43
set up of TMS
magnetic fields created using coils that hyperpolarize temporarily brain areas/cortex and allow for inference of cause-effect relations between brain areas and motor functions acts on synapses uses mri to identiy the brain areas to be stimulated
44
pros of TMS
reversible may have therapeuc benefits (depresion patients; increases seratonin) precising timing of TMS pulses enable cause-effect inferences in specific brain areas
45
what is the BOLD signal
in FMRI; the "Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent" signal
46
how can muscle tension be measured
using electromyographies= place 2 electrodes in skin over muscle
47
how can eye movement be measured
electroculography (EOG) that measures electircal potentials in electrodes around eye or eye tracking
48
galvanic skin conductance
tests respones sto stress in ability of skin to conduct electricity
49
how can cardiovacular activiy be measured
heart rate (electrocardiography) blood pressure blodo volume
50
what can't FMRI distinguish between
- function-specific processing and neuromodultiation - between bottom up/top down signals - confuses excitation and inhibition - can’t quantify EXACT brain regions (and intensity) - diffiggertaite between tasks of same region
51
assumptions made on fMRI:
1. the brain can be localized (brain architecture is modular) and each ‘avitivty area’ can be studied with fMRI

Pyschology (13 decks)

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