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Epidemiology 2018 > Measures of Disease Frequency > Flashcards

Measures of Disease Frequency Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Epidemiology

A

Determinants: origins or factors that cause ailment
and
Distribution: how the issue is presenting itself; where is the disease at?

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2
Q

John Snow

A

Father of epidemiology

Broadstreet Pump

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3
Q

Core Functions of Epidemiology

A
  1. Public Health surveillance
  2. Field Investigation
  3. Analytic Studies
  4. Evaluation
  5. Linkage
  6. Policy Creation
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4
Q

3 factors necessary to compare disease frequencies in different populations

A

Who (Person)
When (place)
Where (Time)

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5
Q

Case Definition

A

set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance

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6
Q

Case Fatality Rate

A 
# of cause-specific deaths
--------------------------------------
# of cases of a certain disease
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7
Q

Cause-specific Mortality Rate

A 
# of cause-specific deaths
-----------------------------------------------
# of people in the population
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8
Q

Cause specific morbidity rate

A 
# of cases of a certain disease
--------------------------------------------------
# of people in a population
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9
Q

Cause-specific survival rate

A 
# of cases that are alive
--------------------------------------
# of cases of the disease
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10
Q

Cluster

A

an epidemic that is limited to a localized area (aka “outbreak”

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11
Q

Crude Morbidity Rate

A 
# of cases of disease
------------------------------------
# of people in population
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12
Q

Crude Mortality Rate

A 
# of all-cause deaths
------------------------------------
# of people in population
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13
Q

Cumulative Incidence

A

Incidence rate summed up over multiple periods of tim

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14
Q

Disease Registries

A

a database that is used to track the characteristics/prevalence/incidence of a disease

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15
Q

Endemic

A

A region where the baseline value of a disease is much higher when compared to other regions; usually the trend needs to be established for at least a year.

ex. AIDS in africa

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16
Q

Epidemic

A

any increase in disease or incidence that is clearly in excess (anything unusually high)

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17
Q

Fertility Rate

A

1,000 women of childbearing age in the population

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18
Q

Fixed populations

A

the # of people in the population doesn’t change

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19
Q

Dynamic populations

A

the # of people in the population changes

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20
Q

Frequency

A

not just the count of disease occurrences, but also the counts in relation to the size of the population being considered

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21
Q

NNDSS Incidence

A

National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System Incidence

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22
Q

Incidence Density

A

The sum of incidence rates from multiple time periods

this helps reflect the force of disease over time

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23
Q

Incidence Rate

A 
# of new cases of illness 
---------------------------------------------
# of new people at risk

(aka attack rate)

ex. immune people must be subtracted from the denominator

24
Q

Incubation Period

A

time between exposure and onset of disease

synonymous with “induction period”

25
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

1,000 live births

26
Q

Infectivity

A

The ability a disease has to infect people

# infected 
---------------------
# susceptible
27
Q

Latency Period

A

Time between onset of the disease and the detection of the disease (symptoms or diagnosis)

28
Q

Live Birth Rate

A

1,000 people in the population

29
Q

Maternal Mortality Rate

A

100,000 live births

30
Q

MMWR

A

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

a scientific publication prepared by the CDC

31
Q

Morbidity

A 
# of people with a disease
-------------------------------------------
# of people in the population
32
Q

Mortality

A 
# of total deaths
-------------------------------------
# of people in the population
33
Q

Neonatal Mortality Rate

A

1,000 live births

34
Q

Outbreak

A

an epidemic that is limited to a localized population

synonymous with “cluster”

35
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that has reached a global scale and has a world-wide impact

36
Q

Pathogenicity

A

describes the ability to cause clinical disease

# with clinical disease 
-------------------------------------
# infected
37
Q

Virulence

A

synonomus with Case-fatality rate

# of cause specific deaths
----------------------------------------------
# with infectious disease
38
Q

Period Prevalence

A

the prevalence over a given period of time (usually annual)

# of cases of a disease
-----------------------------------------
# of people in a population
39
Q

Person-Time

A

expresses a combination of the amount of people observed, and the length of time for which they were observed

ex. 100 years in person-time could mean 10 people followed for 10 years, or 100 people followed for 1 year

40
Q

Postnatal Mortality Rate

A

1,000 live births

41
Q

Prevalence

A

of people with a certain disease + the new cases of disease

# of people with a certain disease
---------------------------------------------------------
# of people in a population
42
Q

Prevalence Rate

A 
# of people with a certain disease
---------------------------------------------------------
# of people in a population

prevalence over a given period of time (usually annually)

43
Q

Point Prevalence

A

the prevalence at an exact, specified time

# of people with a certain disease
---------------------------------------------------------
# of people in a population
44
Q

Population vs Sample

A

population is everyone in a designated demographic

Sample is the group that was used to conduct a study

45
Q

Proportion

A

a simple part over whole percentage

a division of 2 related numbers

46
Q

Proportional Mortality Rate

A 
# of cause-specific deaths 
---------------------------------------------------
# of all deaths in a population
47
Q

Rate

A

a proportion percentage with time incorporated into the denominator

48
Q

Ratio

A

Division of 2 unrelated numbers

The denominator is not a part of the denominator, unlike proportions

49
Q

Relative Differences

A

Compares the difference in 2 percentages

ex. relative difference between 1% and 2% is 100%

50
Q

Risk

A

percentage of what could or could not occur

“think proportion when you hear risk”

51
Q

Sentinel case

A

easily observable point on an epi graph that showcases the earliest outlier on the graph

synonymous with index case

52
Q

cause-specific survival rate

A 
# of cases that survived 
-------------------------------------------------
# of cases of the disease
53
Q

Proportional Mortality rate

A 
# of cause specific deaths
---------------------------------------------------
# of total deaths (all causes)
54
Q

Case-fatality Rate

A 
# of cause specific deaths 
---------------------------------------------------------
# of cases
55
Q

Syndromic surveillance

A

a system the looks for predetermined signs/symptoms of patients related to trackable-but-rare diseases

56
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization

Epidemiology 2018 (15 decks)

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