Medicine Through Time - Dates and Individuals

Question 1

Name 3 key things Hippocrates did

Answer 1

Looked for environmental causes of disease
Introduced clinical method of observation
Created the four humours theory

Question 2

Who linked the four humours to disease?

Answer 2

Aristotle

Question 3

What four fluids did Aristotle say made up the four humours?

Answer 3

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile

Question 4

How did Galen try to learn more about the anatomy?

Answer 4

By dissecting animals

Question 5

What did Galen learn about blood?

Answer 5

It travels around the body through veins

Question 6

Why were Galen’s conclusions about humans sometimes inaccurate?

Answer 6

He was unable to dissect humans, only animals

Question 7

Which Arab doctor stuck firmly to Galen’s teachings, whilst the western world returned to supernatural beliefs?

Answer 7

Rhazes

Question 8

Avicenna was another Arab doctor. What did he do?

Answer 8

Challenged and improved Roman and Greek ideas

Question 9

Who was a clear example of a ‘Renaissance Man’ (someone who had mastered art and science)?

Answer 9

Leonardo Da Vinci

Question 10

What two things did Ambroise Pare design?

Answer 10

Ligatures and artificial legs

Question 11

What was Pare’s alternative to cauterisation with boiling oil?

Answer 11

Using cool salve

Question 12

What did William Harvey discover about blood?

Answer 12

Blood is pumped around the body continuously in a circulatory system
Distinguished arteries and veins

Question 13

Who introduced inoculation to Western Europe?

Answer 13

Lady Montagu

Question 14

What did Edward Jenner invent?

Answer 14

Vaccinations - a safer and more successful alternative to inoculation

Question 15

Who did not like Jenner’s ideas?

Answer 15

Upper-class doctors (who performed inoculations)

Question 16

How did Florence Nightingale reduce death rates in hospitals?

Answer 16

By improving hygiene

Question 17

Who suggested that germs caused disease?

Answer 17

Louis Pasteur in the 1850s

Question 18

What did Pasteur (correctly) believe germs were?

Answer 18

Micro-organisms

Question 19

Who proved the germ theory?

Answer 19

Robert Koch in 1875

Question 20

How did Koch prove the germ theory?

Answer 20

By dyeing microbes so that they were visible through a microscope

Question 21

Who discovered Penicllin?

Answer 21

Alexander Fleming in 1928

Question 22

How did Florey and Chain encourage the use of penicillin?

Answer 22

Got it mass produced in America for use in the Second World War

Question 23

Who discovered the usefulness of chloroform as an anaesthetic?

Answer 23

James Simpson in 1847

Question 24

Who reduced infection rates using an antiseptic?

Answer 24

Joseph Lister

Question 25

What was the name of the antiseptic Lister used?

Answer 25

Carbolic spray

Question 26

What did William Halstead do in 1889?

Answer 26

Invent surgical gloves to prevent infections being transmitted (aseptic surgery)

Question 27

Who discovered blood groups?

Answer 27

Karl Landsteiner in 1900

Question 28

Who discovered X-rays?

Answer 28

Wilhelm Roentgen

Question 29

What did Edwin Chadwick do in 1842?

Answer 29

Linked disease and poor living standards

Question 30

Who linked cholera to contaminated water?

Answer 30

John Snow in 1853

Question 31

What did the prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli do in 1875?

Answer 31

Passed a compulsory public health act

Question 32

What did Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree do?

Answer 32

Filed reports on the poor that forced the government into social and liberal reform

Question 33

What was the impact of Sir William Beveridge's report?

Answer 33

Made the Labour government realised the need for free healthcare

Question 34

Who introduced the NHS (National Health Service) in 1948?

Answer 34

Aneurin Bevan

Question 35

What did Andreas Vesalius do?

Answer 35

Wrote accurate anatomical books | Proved Galen wrong eg. said septum of heart had no holes

Question 36

Where did Vesalius get his information from?

Answer 36

His own dissections