Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Both structures and processes involved in both strange and retrieval of info

Question 2

A memory

Answer 2

Recollection of a specific event

Question 3

Search metaphor

Answer 3

Describes processes involved in memory using terms and phrases that relate them to looking around in physical/virtual space

Question 4

Failure of search

Answer 4

Way that inability to remember something is often described but doesn’t adequately describe many kinds of memory loss

Question 5

Reconstruction metaphor

Answer 5

Describes how we primarily use memory to create useful response using both what we know and the situation around us

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

Process of how info is initially learned

Question 7

Encoding problem

Answer 7

Problem brain must solve to transform experience into memory

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

Process of maintaining info about event over time

Question 9

Sensory memory

Answer 9

• System that keeps info translated by sense briefly active in relatively unaltered, unexamined form
• Perceive world as unified whole rather than staggered images and sounds

Question 10

Iconic memory

Answer 10

Fleeting afterimages (icon)

Question 11

Echoic memory

Answer 11

Lingering echo

Question 12

Immediate memory

Answer 12

System that actively holds on to a limited amount of info so it can be manipulated and processed

Question 13

3 main properties of immediate memory

Answer 13

Representation: Kind of info a memory system contains and described how info is represented/”coded”

Question 14

Duration

Answer 14

• How long a memory can contain info before it’s forgotten
• Indefinite w/ rehearsal but w/o rehearsal is about 3 secs

Question 15

Capacity

Answer 15

How much info can be held in memory system at one time (typically what can be rehearsed in 2 secs)

Question 16

Memory span

Answer 16

items that can be kept active in immediate memory at one time

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

Process of arranging info into compact meaningful “chunks” so they can be more easily rehearsed in immediate memory (meaningful structure = effectively increase capacity)

Question 18

Working memory model

Answer 18

Model of immediate memroy that emphasizes its role as a system for manipulating info in consciousness

Question 19

Phonological loop

Answer 19

System that temporarily stories and manipulates auditory and verbal info

Question 20

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 20

System where visual and spatial info is stored and manipulated

Question 21

Central Executive

Answer 21

Hyopethical portion of working memory model that directs activities

Question 22

Episodic memories

Answer 22

Memories whose contents pertain to specific events (“episodes”)

Question 23

Semantic memories

Answer 23

Memories whose content relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful info not based on personal experience

Question 24

Procedural memories

Answer 24

Memories on process of doing something

Question 25

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 25

Process of actively manipulating info in immediate memory to meaningfully connect it to info already in long-term

Question 26

Deep processing

Answer 26

Encoding new info through making meaningful connections to existing knowledge (semantically)

Question 27

Shallow processing

Answer 27

Encoding info based only on surface characteristics

Question 28

Massed practice

Answer 28

Repeated exposure to/study of to-be-remembered info over very short period of time w/o gaps b/w repetition

Question 29

Spacing effect

Answer 29

When repeated exposure to/study of to-be-remembered info occurs over longer timeframe

Question 30

Mnemonics

Answer 30

Technique used to improve memory that provides a framework for encoding and recall (e.g. peg-word, loci, phrases)

Question 31

Adoptive memory

Answer 31

How brain is designed to learn and remember given evolutionary considerations

Question 32

Retrieval problem

Answer 32

Problem brain must solve to recover info from long-term memory

Question 33

Free vs cued recall

Answer 33

Free: Remembering info w/o context to help remember Cued: Remembering info w/ aid

Question 34

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 34

Retrieval cues are only useful if they match OG context how to-be-remembered info was OG learned

Question 35

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 35

Engaging in similar processes at both encoding and retrieval tends to enhance recall

Question 36

Explicit vs implicit memory

Answer 36

Explicit: Consciously remember w/ intent Implicit: Unconsciously remembering w/o intent (measured behaviorally)

Question 37

Errors of omission

Answer 37

Info can't be brought to mind

Question 38

Transcience (omission)

Answer 38

- Forgotten info b/c of interfering info - Decay: Memories fade b/c of time passing (WRONG) - Retroactive interference: Influence from newer, similar info interferes - Proactive interference: Influence from older, similar info interferes

Question 39

Absent-mindedness (omission)

Answer 39

Memories become unavailable b/c of encoding failure (not encoded properly)

Question 40

Blocking (omission)

Answer 40

Inadequate distinctive cues available to help recover memory (e.g. tip-of-the-tongue)

Question 41

Errors of comission

Answer 41

Wrong/unwanted info is brought to mind

Question 42

Misattribution (comission))

Answer 42

Incorrectly recall the source of info we're trying to remember (e.g. deja vu and flashbulbs memories)

Question 43

Suggestibility (comission)

Answer 43

Memories altered by context which they're remembered to better fit current situation

Question 44

Bias (comission)

Answer 44

- Memories can change b/c of influence of knowledge and beliefs and caused by memory schemas - Schema: Highly organized knowledge structure that contains many pieces of specific info (often overgeneralized)

Question 45

Persistence (comission)

Answer 45

Memories sometimes retrieved when not wanted

Question 46

Hyperthymesia

Answer 46

Near perfect autobiographical recall

Question 47

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 47

Loss of memories before traumatic event (e.g. head blunt trauma)

Question 48

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 48

Unable to encode new info into long-term memory after injury, like surgery (e.g. H.M. case)