MEMORY DISORDER II

Question 1

What causes a traumatic brain injury?

Answer 1

Happens when a sudden, external psychical assault damages the brain

Question 2

What is TBI a major cause of?

Answer 2

Cause of disability and death worldwide

Question 3

Whats it clinically divided by?

Answer 3

Mild
Moderate
Severe

Question 4

Whats the amount fo cases that account from mild TBI to a concussion?

Answer 4

80%-90%

Question 5

How many TBI’s happen worldwide each year?

Answer 5

10 million

Question 6

What does neuronal damage from traumatic brain injury induce?

Answer 6

Pathophysiolocial as well as anatomical changes which lead to dementia

Question 7

Whats a major neurocognitive disorder due to TBI?

Answer 7

DSM-5

Question 8

Which case is widely regarded as one of the most influential cases in neuroscience history?

Answer 8

Phineas p.gage

Question 9

What does VBR stand for?

Answer 9

Ventricle to brain ratio

Question 10

Whats the normal valves?

Answer 10

1.5 with 0.5 SD

Question 11

What happens post injury to the brain?

Answer 11

Brain swelling - ventricles compression

Question 12

What is it called when u have memory loss following TBI?

Answer 12

Post - traumatic amnesia
Which can last from few mins to several weeks or months deadening on the severity of

Question 13

Explain what post-traumatic amnesia is PTA?

Answer 13

Anterograde memory affected
- most patients suffer from a extensive cognitive deficit which includes a confusional state
- behavioural disturbance characterised by acute agitation

Question 15

Whats post traumatic amnesia used to determine?

Answer 15

1. Decision making
2. The degree of patient supervision necessary
3. Referral for rehabilitation

Question 16

What happens during the duration of PTA?

Answer 16

Cognitive abilities following TBI
Risk of early or late epilepsy

Question 17

Whats chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

Answer 17

• a brain disorder likely caused by repeated head injuries TBI
• slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease with pathological tau accumulation at the depths of the sulci in superficial layers of the cortex

Question 18

Whats the symptoms of Chronic traumatic brain injury?

Answer 18

• memory and thinking problem
• confusion
• personality change
• erratic behaviour including aggression, depression and even sucidical thinking

Question 19

Whats CTI caused by?

Answer 19

Hyperphosphorylated tau

Question 20

Whats tau?

Answer 20

Microtubule associated with proteins found in axons
Starts in locus coeruleus and neocortex

Question 21

What happens for neurodegeneration to happen in cti?

Answer 21

Tau is hyperphosphylated
Dissociates from the microtubeles
Accumulates in neurofibriallry tangles NFT
= neurodegeneration

Question 22

What’s the different types of dementia impairment?

Answer 22

• progressive
• non-progressive
• reversible

Question 23

Examples of progressive dementia?

Answer 23

Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Fronto - temporal dementia
Parkinson’s disease

Question 24

Examples of non-progressive dementia?

Answer 24

Traumatic brain injury
- anoxia = sleep apnea
- vascular = single stroke

Question 25

Examples of reversible dementia?

Answer 25

Depression and anxiety Multiple medial conditions Metabolic problems Medications side effects Infections Normal pressure

Question 26

Explain amnestic MCI? (Mild cognitive impairment)

Answer 26

MCI that primary affects memory - person may forge important information they could easily recall before - appointment s

Question 27

Explain noamnestic MCI?

Answer 27

Affects thinking skills other than memory Including the ability to make sound descions Judge time or sequence of steps needed to complete a task

Question 28

Whats the cause behind the brain being smaller and more grainier then a healthy brain/

Answer 28

Amyloid - b plaques = outside of the neurons Tau tangles - inside of the neurons

Question 29

What accumulates first before symptoms start to appear?

Answer 29

Amyloid b and doesn’t cause clinical symptoms

Question 30

What does tau pathology coincide with?

Answer 30

The apparition of the clinical symptoms

Question 31

What’s the stages to tau tangles?

Answer 31

Stages I/II - entorhinal cortex and locus coeruleus Stages III/IV - hippocampus and parts of the neocortex Stages V/VI - takes over the neocortex

Question 32

Whats the second most common neurodegenerative disorder?

Answer 32

Parkinson’s disease - affecting more then 1% of the population aged 65 and older

Question 33

Whats the neuropathalogical hallmark of PD?

Answer 33

Dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantial nigra

Question 34

What does substantia nigra degeneration cause?

Answer 34

Dopamine deficiency in striatum - motor system and dopaminergic therapy relives motor symptoms

Question 35

What does it state about the cerebellum on Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 35

Increasing ko that it has a key role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease

Question 36

What can Parkinson’s disease patients experience?

Answer 36

Deficits in procedural memory

Question 37

Whats procedural memory?

Answer 37

Responsible for the the automatic, implicit stored procedures that have been acquired in earlier life stages

Question 38

What’s anterograde procedural memory?

Answer 38

Involves the loss acquisition of new skills

Question 39

Explain retrograde procedural memory?

Answer 39

Loss of the ability to execute skills acquired in earlier life stages

Question 40

What’s Parkinson’s associated with?

Answer 40

Degeneration of the basal ganglia which deficits in procedural memory