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Medicine Year 5 > Metabolic > Flashcards

Metabolic Flashcards

1
Q

night blindness

A

deficiency of vitamin A (retinoids)

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2
Q

neuropathy, heart failure, wernicke korsakoff

A

deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

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3
Q

deficiency of vitamin B3 (niacin)

A

pellagra (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhoea, death)

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4
Q

anaemia, irritability, seizures, peripheral neuropathy

A

deficiency of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

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5
Q

dermatitis, seborrhoea

A

deficiency of vitamin B7 (bitoin)

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6
Q

megaloblastic anaemia, neural tube defects

A

deficiency of vitamin B9 (folic acid)

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7
Q

megaloblastic anaemia, peripheral neuropathy

A

deficiency of vitamin B12 (cynocobalamin)

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8
Q

deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

SCURVY (gingivitis, bleeding)

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9
Q

rickets, osteomalacia

A

deficiency of vitamin D (calciferol)

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10
Q

mild haemolytic anaemia in newborns, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy

A

deficiency of vitamin E

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11
Q

haemorrhagic disease of newborn, bleeding

A

deficiency of vitamin K

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12
Q

headaches, lethargy, dizziness, vomiting, confusion, cramps

A

hyponatremia

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13
Q

3 ways to categorise hyponatremia

A

acute or chronic (48hrs)
severity (mild 130-134) (moderate 120-130) (severe below 120)
aetiology

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14
Q

which class of hyponatremia is caused by dehydration, diuretics, addisonian crisis

A

hypovolemic

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15
Q

which class of hyponatremia is caused by SIADH, hypothyroidism

A

euvolemic

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16
Q

which class of hyponatremia is caused by heart/liver failure, metabolic syndrome

A

hypervolemic

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17
Q

treatment of hyponatremia

A

hypovolemic: isotonic saline
euvolemic/hypervolemic: fluid restrict (500-1000mls) ? vaptan

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18
Q

what type of saline do you use in acute/severe/symptomatic hyponatremia

A

hypertonic saline

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19
Q

if untreated, what can hyponatremia cause

A

cerebral oedema/herniation

20
Q

if overcorrected, what can hyponatremia cause

A

central pontine myelinolysis (osmotic demyelination)
causes irreversible locked in syndrome after 2 days

21
Q

what are SCLC, stroke, subdrual, subarachnoid, TB, pneumonia, SSRI, tricyclics, sulph, carbemazepine causes of

A

SIADH

22
Q

management of hypercalcaemia

A

rehydrate with normal saline then give bisphosphonates

23
Q

perioral paraesthesia is a sign of what

A

hypocalcaemia

24
Q

what is trousseaus sign

A

carpal spasm when brachial occluded in hypocalcaemia

25
Q

what is chvosters sign

A

tapping the parotid causes facial muscle twitching in hypocalcaemia

26
Q

how do you find the cause of hypocalcaemia

A

measure the PTH

27
Q

management of hypocalcaemia

A

IV calcium gluconate

28
Q

ECG change in hypocalcaemia and hypercalcaemia

A

prolonged QT interval in hypo
shortened QT interval in hyper

29
Q

ACEi, ARB, AKI, metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyelosis, massive blood transfusion, addisons and compartment syndrome are causes of what

A

hyperkalaemia

30
Q

ECG changes in hypokalaemia

A

prolonged QT and PR
U waves
sine shaped T waves (flat)

31
Q

cushings, conns and beta hydroxylase deficiency are causes of what

A

hypokalaemia with hypertension

32
Q

diuretics, D+V and renal tubular acidosis are causes of what

A

hypokalaemia without hypertension

33
Q

what would renal tubular acidosis show on an ABG

A

hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis

34
Q

what are the four types of renal tubular acidosis and what is the potassium level

A
  1. DISTAL (low K)
  2. PROXIMAL (low K)
  3. MIXED (low K)
  4. Hyperkalaemic (high K)
35
Q

familial hypercholesterolaemia - which gene is mutated

A

mutated gene for LDL receptor

36
Q

dose for primary and secondary prevention with atorvastatin

A

primary: 20mg
secondary: 80mg

37
Q

should you replace the phosphate in DKA if phosphate levels are low

A

yes

38
Q

maximum potassium transfusion if no cardiac monitor

A

10mmol/hr

39
Q

most common cause of hypopituitism

A

non secretory pituitary adenoma

40
Q

urea increased disproportionately to creatinine means

A

dehydration

41
Q

raised ALP with normal LFTs

A

bone mets

42
Q

osteomalacia and renal failure

A

raised ALP with low calcium

43
Q

hyperparathyroid and bone mets

A

raised ALP with high calcium

44
Q

3 physiological causes of raised ALP

A

pregnancy
children growing
healing fractures

45
Q

ECG in hyperkalaemia

A

sine wave

46
Q

management of hyperkalaemia

A

calcium gluconate THEN calcium resonium

Medicine Year 5 (27 decks)

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