what metabolic pathways type describes a breakdown of macromolecules to simple precursors
catabolic pathway
what metabolic pathway type describes a synthesis of macromolecules from simple precursors
anabolic pathway
what metabolic pathway type is used to generate ATP and reducing powers such as NADH and FADH
catabolic pathway
what metabolic pathway type uses ATP and reducing powers to drive its reactions
anabolic pathway
what are examples of catabolic pathways
glycolysis
lipolysis
glycogenolysis
what are examples of anabolic pathways
gluconeogenesis
lipogenesis
glycogenesis
nucleic acid synthesis
define what each term means
phosphatase phosphroylase kinase dehydrogenase carboxylase decarboxylase
phosphatase - removes phosphate phosphroylase - adds phosphate kinase - moves phosphate around dehydrogenase - oxidation reduction carboxylase - adds carbon decarboxylase - removes carbon
where does glycolysis occur in the cell
cytosol
what hormone stimulates glycolysis
what inhibits
insulin stimulates
glucagon inhibits
what are the 3 rate limiting steps in glycolysis
hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase
what are the energetics of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis
aerobic - net gain of 2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation and 2 NADH that goes to ETC
anaerobic - net gain of 2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
what is produced as end product for aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis
pyruvate - aerobic
lactate - anaerobic
how does pyruvate get to lactate
pyruvate + NADH –> lactate + NAD
lactate dehydrogenase
cori cycle occurs under what circumstances
where does the cori cycle occur
what are the reactions
anaerobic conditions
liver and muscle
muscle generates lactate through anaerobic glycolysis and the lactate is shipped to the liver where the lactate is converted to pyruvate and then converted to glucose via gluconeogensis
where does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex occur in the cell
what is the reaction
what type of reaction is PDC
hormones that inhibit or stimulate
coenzymes
mitochondrial matrix
pyruvate + NAD + CoA –> acetyl coA + NADH + CO2
oxidative phsophorylation *
NADH produced
CO2 lost or consumed by pyruvate dehydrogenase to generate acetyl coA
insulin stimulates
glucagon inhibits
NAD - B3 FAD - B2 TPP - B1 Lipoic acid CoA - B5
what are other names for TCA
krebs cycle
citric acid cycle
tricarboxylic acid cycle
where does the krebs cycle occur in the cell
what are its regulatory enzymes
how many steps total
what are the energetics of TCA
where is CO2 released in the TCA
acetyl coA binds to what to start TCA via what enzyme
what are inhibitors of enzyme s
mitochondrial matrix
citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
8 steps total
1 acetyl coA = 12 ATP
via 3 NADH (9) 1 FADH (2) 1 GTP (1) = 12
NADH and FADH go to ETC to create 11 ATP
GTP goes to substrate level phosphorylation to create 1 ATP
1 molecule of glucose (2 acetyl CoA) = 24 ATP
CO2 released at isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
acetyl coA + oxaloacetate –> citrate
via citrate synthase
aconitase - fluoroacetate
alpha ketoglutarate - arsenite
succinate dehydrogenase - malonate
electron transport chain is the synthesis of ATP via what
where does ETC occur in the cell
each NADH produces how many ATP - how many protons pumped out
each FADH produces how many ATP - how many protons pumped out
what is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in the ETC
what is an important part of the ETC - what is it similar to
oxidative phosphorylation
inner mitochondrial membrane
NADH = 3 ATP and 6 protons pumped out FADH = 2 ATP and 4 protons pumped out
oxygen
contains CoQ 10 which is similar to vitamin K
what is the hypothesis which couples the ETC to the synthesis of ATP
chemiosmotic hypothesis
mitchell hypothesis
what is another name for CoQ 10
structure is based on what
similar to what structure
what is its function of CoQ10
activates what complexes in ETC
naturally produced where
ubiquinone
based on cholesterol
similar to vitamin K
function - delivers oxygen to ETC
activates complex 1 2 and 3 in ETC
produced in the liver
what step of ETC occurs in the mitochondrial matrix instead of the inner mitochondrial membrane
complex 2
succinate to fumarate
where does gluconeogensis occur in the cell
except what step
stimulated by what
inhibited by what
primary precursors
enzymes
primarily in cytosol
conversion of pyruvate –> oxaloacetate –> malate occurs in the mitochondria - malate crosses mitchondrial membrane to cytosol - malate –> oxaloacetate –> phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPCK)
stimulated by glucagon and cortisol
inhibited by insulin
primary precursors - glycerol (from tags breakdown), lactate (cori cycle), amino acids (tca or pyruvate intermediates)
alanine <> pyruvate - alanine cycle
aspartate <> oxaloacetate - aspartate transamniase AST
glutamate <> alpha ketogarate - glutamate oxaloacetate transamniase GOT
pyruvate carboxylase - occurs in mitochondria* - requires biotin
PEP carboxykinase
fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
glucose 6 phosphatase - only in liver*
where is glycogen stored
what are the 2 different parts of glycogen metabolism
what are the major enzymes involved
what is each stimulated by or inhibited by
cytoplasm of liver and muscle
glycogen synthesis
- glycogen synthase
- stimulated by insulin and inhibited by glucagon
- UDP glucose - important intermediate
glycogen degradation
- glycogen phosphorylase
- stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine and inhibited by insulin
all transamniase reactions require what
B6
what is the pentose phosphate pathway also known as
HMP shunt
phosphogluconate pathway
where does the HMP shunt occur in the cell
what is the regulatory enzyme
what is the function of this pathway
energetics of HMP shunt
cytosol
regulatory enzyme - glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
function
- production of NADPH for both fatty acid synthesis and steroid hormone synthesis
- production of ribose 5 phosphate for nucleotide synthesis
NO NET GAIN OR LOSS OF ATP
what is another name for fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid degradation
fatty acid synthesis - lipogenesis
fatty acid degradation - lipolysis
where does fatty acid synthesis occur in the cell
what is the regulatory enzyme
what is the hormonal regulation
what are the coenzymes
what kind of process is fatty acid synthesis
how does acetyl coA get to the cytosol from the mitochondria
cytosol
acetyl coA carboxylase
stimulated by insulin and inhibited by glucagon
coenzymes - NADPH from HMP shunt
fatty acid synthesis - REDUCTIVE PROCESS
cross mitchondria membrane as citrate
where does fatty acid degration occur in the cell
what kind of process is fatty acid degradation
what is the regulatory enzyme
what is the hormonal regulation
what transports FA acids to mitochondria form the cystol - what is the precursor to this
mitochondrial matrix
beta oxidation
regulatory enzyme - hormone sensitive lipase
cleaves FA from TAGs in adipose
hormones - stimulated by epinephrine and inhibited by insulin
carnitine transports FA to mitochondria
lysine is precursor to carnitine
where does the urea cycle occur in the cell
what is the nitrogen donor in the urea cycle
what is the rate limiting enzyme
what are the important intermediates to the urea cycle
occurs in both the cytosol and mitochondria
glutamate gives urea its 2 nitrogen atoms
carbamoyl phosphate synthase - in mitochondria and forms carbomoyl phosphate
ARCO
arginine
citrulline
ornitine