What is the difference between delta G and delta G0’
delta G0’ is measured in the laboratory under the standard conditions: 1 atm,1M, etc.
delta G is measured in the normal conditions, how it happens in the body
What does delta G<0 and delta G>0 mean
delta G<0 means that the reaction is exergonic ( spontaneous) and delta G>0 means that the reaction is endergonic( nonspontaneous)
On what condition does it depend that delta G larger/equal/the same as delta G0’
On the concentration of the reactants and products
What is done to make an unfavorable reaction favorable?
1.a->b delta G>0
B->C delta G<0
A->C delta G is negative-> favorable
Drive the unfavorable reaction with the favorable reaction
Why ATP is a cellular currency for energy?
Because it has four negative charges in three phosphates together that repel each other, we want to get rid of that repulsion.
How ATP helps the endergonic reaction become favorable
energy is released during ATP hydrolysis and it is transferred to a substrate by phosphorylation
How you add K eq and delta G together for two reactions
For K eq you multiply
For delta G you add
What is reduction oxidation reaction?
A chemical reactions that involve electron transfer . When electrons shift their position in covalent bonds
What is OIL REG
Oxidation is loss. When the atom or molecule loses an electron, it becomes oxidized
Reduction is gain. when the atom or molecule gains an electron, it is reduced
What happens in photosynthesis with the energy storage
Plants harvest energy from the sunlight and store in the bonds of carbohydrates
What bond has more energy C-O or C-H
C-O are held more tightly and have low potential energy
C-H and C-C - the electrons are shared more equally and have higher potential energy
Why do fatty acids yield more energy than carbohydrates or protein?
Because FA have more C-C and C-H bonds
What is another way to understand redox reactions through electron exchange and protons
Electrons are transferred from an electron donor to an electron acceptor
Electrons are usually accompanied by a proton (H+)
So reduction often adds Hs and oxidation removes Hs
What is E’0
Reduction potential determines flow of electrons measurement of the standard reduction potential of a redox pair
The more negative is E’o , more___
More willingly to give off electrons, the more positive, a better electron acceptor
What is the last acceptor in the electron transfer chain and why
Oxygen , because it the best electron acceptor
The reaction malate+NAD->oxaloacetate +NADH+H is unfavorable. How this reaction is favorable in our body
NADH is usually much lower than the concentration of NAD+
Oxaloacetate is removed very quickly
So this two conditions favor the forward reaction
The general reaction for oxidizing glucose
C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O+ heat and light
What are five steps in cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Processing(pyruvate dehydrogenation)
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron transport chain
- Oxidative phosphorylation
What is cellular respiration
Any set of reactions that uses electrons from high-energy molecule to make ATP
Why glycolysis is important
Glycolysis generates only 2 ATP, but it generates NADH, which is an important electron transfer molecule
What is the yield and molecules used in the glycolysis
2 ATP used->4 ATP generated ( 2 per one pyruvate)-> TOTAL: 2 ATP
2 NAD+ used-> 2 NADH produced
4 ADP used->2 ADP produced
Two steps in glycolysis
1) The preparatory phase or the investment phase
2) The payoff phase
What does kinase do
that means that the phospahte group is involved
Usually addition of the phosphate
