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Flashcards in micro exam 1 part 2 Deck (75)
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1
Q

required in relatively large amounts

A

macroelements or macronutrients

2
Q

examples of macroelements

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfure, and phosphorus

potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron

3
Q

nutrients required in small amounts

A

micronutrients or trace elements

4
Q

examples of trace elements

A

manganese, zinc, colbalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper

5
Q

organisms that use reduced, performed organic molecules as their carbon sources

A

heterotrophs

6
Q

molecules sometimes are degraded in the presence of a growth promoting nutrient that is metabolized at the same time

A

cometabolism

7
Q

organisms that use carbon dioxide as thier sole or principal source of carbon

A

autotrophs

8
Q

use light as energy source

A

phototrophs

9
Q

obtain energy from the oxidation of chemical compounds

A

chemotrophs

10
Q

use reduced inorganic substances as their electron sources

A

lithotrophs (rockeaters)

11
Q

use light energy and have carbon dioxide as their carbon source, important primary producers

A

photolithoautotrophs

12
Q

use organic compounds as sources of energy, hydorgen, electrons, and carbon

A

chemoorganoheterotrophs

13
Q

most bacteria are

A

photolithotrophic autotrophs

14
Q

needed for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, some carbs, lipids, enzyme cofacors and others

A

nitrogen

15
Q

present in nucleic acids, phospholipids, nucleotides such as ATP, several cofactors, some protiens and other cell components

A

phosphorus

16
Q

use oxygen

A

aerobe

17
Q

oxygen is poisonous

A

strict anaerobe

18
Q

could potentially use oxygen but only as a last resort

A

faculative anaerobes

19
Q

needed for the synthesis of substances such as the amino acids cysteine and methoinine, some carbs, biotin, and thiamine

A

sulfure

20
Q

organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organismbut are essential for its growth

A

growth factor

21
Q

three major classes of growth factors

A

amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins

22
Q

small organic molecules that usually make up all or part of enzyme cofactors

A

vitamins

23
Q

process by which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

A

passive diffusion

24
Q

carrier protiens embedded in the plasma membrane creating channels for substances to pass through

A

permeases

25
Q

diffusion involving carrier protiens

A

facilitated diffusion

26
Q

facilitate diffusion of small polar molecules

A

major intrinsic protien

27
Q

the transport of solute molecules to higher concentrations with the input of metabolic energy

A

Active transport

28
Q

use energy provided by ATP hyrolysis to move substances against a concentration gradient

A

primary active transporters

29
Q

couple the potential energy of ion gradients to transport of substances

A

secondary active transporters

30
Q

important primary active transporters, some are used for import, others for export, consist of two ATP-binding domains and hydrolyze ATP to drive uptake, bind to molecule being transported and then interat with the transporter proteins to move the molecule into the cell

A

ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters

31
Q

use ion gradients, some of which are created b y microbes during their metabolic processes, are second active transporters

A

Major facilitator superfamily protiens (MPS protiens)

32
Q

linked support of two substances in the same direction

A

symport

33
Q

linked transport in which the transported substances move in opposite directions

A

antiport

34
Q

chemically modifies the molecule as it is brought into the cell

A

group translocation

35
Q

transports a variety of sugars while phosphorylating them, using phosphoenolpyruvate as the phosphate donar

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)

36
Q

the transfer of phosphate from PEP to the incoming molecule involves several protiens and is an example of

A

Phosphorelay system

37
Q

low molecular weight organic molecules that bind ferric iron and supply it to the cell

A

siderophores

38
Q

a relatively simple type of cell division: cell elongates, replicates its chromosome, and spearates teh newly formed DNA molecules so there is one chromosome in each half of the cell

A

Binary Fission

39
Q

other forms of reproduction strageties

A

formation of buds
multiple fission
formation of multinucleoid filaments

40
Q

the complete sequence of events extending from the formation of a new cell through the next division

A

cell cycle

41
Q

the transport of solute molecules to higher concentrations with the input of metabolic energy

A

Active transport

42
Q

use energy provided by ATP hyrolysis to move substances against a concentration gradient

A

primary active transporters

43
Q

couple the potential energy of ion gradients to transport of substances

A

secondary active transporters

44
Q

important primary active transporters, some are used for import, others for export, consist of two ATP-binding domains and hydrolyze ATP to drive uptake, bind to molecule being transported and then interat with the transporter proteins to move the molecule into the cell

A

ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters

45
Q

use ion gradients, some of which are created b y microbes during their metabolic processes, are second active transporters

A

Major facilitator superfamily protiens (MPS protiens)

46
Q

linked support of two substances in the same direction

A

symport

47
Q

linked transport in which the transported substances move in opposite directions

A

antiport

48
Q

chemically modifies the molecule as it is brought into the cell

A

group translocation

49
Q

transports a variety of sugars while phosphorylating them, using phosphoenolpyruvate as the phosphate donar

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)

50
Q

the transfer of phosphate from PEP to the incoming molecule involves several protiens and is an example of

A

Phosphorelay system

51
Q

low molecular weight organic molecules that bind ferric iron and supply it to the cell

A

siderophores

52
Q

a relatively simple type of cell division: cell elongates, replicates its chromosome, and spearates teh newly formed DNA molecules so there is one chromosome in each half of the cell

A

Binary Fission

53
Q

other forms of reproduction strageties

A

formation of buds
multiple fission
formation of multinucleoid filaments

54
Q

the complete sequence of events extending from the formation of a new cell through the next division

A

cell cycle

55
Q

two pathways in the cell cylce

A

partitioning of the DNA into progeny cells

carrying out cytokinesis

56
Q

the single site at which replication starts

A

origin of replication

57
Q

where replication is terminated

A

terminus

58
Q

group of protiens needed for DNA synthesis in bacteria assemble to form

A

replisome

59
Q

possibly help to guide the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell before division also helps to elongate the cell

A

MreB cytoskeleton protiens

60
Q

helps with the partitioning in neucleic acid

A

MinCD cytoskeleton protiens

61
Q

Forms around the midline of the cell, association with formation of septum materials

A

FtsZ cytoskeleton protiens

62
Q

two pathways in the cell cylce

A

partitioning of the DNA into progeny cells

carrying out cytokinesis

63
Q

the single site at which replication starts

A

origin of replication

64
Q

where replication is terminated

A

terminus

65
Q

group of protiens needed for DNA synthesis in bacteria assemble to form

A

replisome

66
Q

possibly help to guide the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell before division also helps to elongate the cell

A

MreB cytoskeleton protiens

67
Q

helps with the partitioning in neucleic acid

A

MinCD cytoskeleton protiens

68
Q

Forms around the midline of the cell, association with formation of septum materials

A

FtsZ cytoskeleton protiens

69
Q

two pathways in the cell cylce

A

partitioning of the DNA into progeny cells

carrying out cytokinesis

70
Q

the single site at which replication starts

A

origin of replication

71
Q

where replication is terminated

A

terminus

72
Q

group of protiens needed for DNA synthesis in bacteria assemble to form

A

replisome

73
Q

possibly help to guide the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell before division also helps to elongate the cell

A

MreB cytoskeleton protiens

74
Q

helps with the partitioning in neucleic acid

A

MinCD cytoskeleton protiens

75
Q

Forms around the midline of the cell, association with formation of septum materials

A

FtsZ cytoskeleton protiens