required in relatively large amounts
macroelements or macronutrients
examples of macroelements
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfure, and phosphorus
potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron
nutrients required in small amounts
micronutrients or trace elements
examples of trace elements
manganese, zinc, colbalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper
organisms that use reduced, performed organic molecules as their carbon sources
heterotrophs
molecules sometimes are degraded in the presence of a growth promoting nutrient that is metabolized at the same time
cometabolism
organisms that use carbon dioxide as thier sole or principal source of carbon
autotrophs
use light as energy source
phototrophs
obtain energy from the oxidation of chemical compounds
chemotrophs
use reduced inorganic substances as their electron sources
lithotrophs (rockeaters)
use light energy and have carbon dioxide as their carbon source, important primary producers
photolithoautotrophs
use organic compounds as sources of energy, hydorgen, electrons, and carbon
chemoorganoheterotrophs
most bacteria are
photolithotrophic autotrophs
needed for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, some carbs, lipids, enzyme cofacors and others
nitrogen
present in nucleic acids, phospholipids, nucleotides such as ATP, several cofactors, some protiens and other cell components
phosphorus
use oxygen
aerobe
oxygen is poisonous
strict anaerobe
could potentially use oxygen but only as a last resort
faculative anaerobes
needed for the synthesis of substances such as the amino acids cysteine and methoinine, some carbs, biotin, and thiamine
sulfure
organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organismbut are essential for its growth
growth factor
three major classes of growth factors
amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins
small organic molecules that usually make up all or part of enzyme cofactors
vitamins
process by which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
passive diffusion
carrier protiens embedded in the plasma membrane creating channels for substances to pass through
permeases
diffusion involving carrier protiens
facilitated diffusion
facilitate diffusion of small polar molecules
major intrinsic protien
the transport of solute molecules to higher concentrations with the input of metabolic energy
Active transport
use energy provided by ATP hyrolysis to move substances against a concentration gradient
primary active transporters
couple the potential energy of ion gradients to transport of substances
secondary active transporters
important primary active transporters, some are used for import, others for export, consist of two ATP-binding domains and hydrolyze ATP to drive uptake, bind to molecule being transported and then interat with the transporter proteins to move the molecule into the cell
ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters
use ion gradients, some of which are created b y microbes during their metabolic processes, are second active transporters
Major facilitator superfamily protiens (MPS protiens)
linked support of two substances in the same direction
symport
linked transport in which the transported substances move in opposite directions
antiport
chemically modifies the molecule as it is brought into the cell
group translocation
transports a variety of sugars while phosphorylating them, using phosphoenolpyruvate as the phosphate donar
Phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)
the transfer of phosphate from PEP to the incoming molecule involves several protiens and is an example of
Phosphorelay system
low molecular weight organic molecules that bind ferric iron and supply it to the cell
siderophores
a relatively simple type of cell division: cell elongates, replicates its chromosome, and spearates teh newly formed DNA molecules so there is one chromosome in each half of the cell
Binary Fission
other forms of reproduction strageties
formation of buds
multiple fission
formation of multinucleoid filaments
the complete sequence of events extending from the formation of a new cell through the next division
cell cycle
the transport of solute molecules to higher concentrations with the input of metabolic energy
Active transport
use energy provided by ATP hyrolysis to move substances against a concentration gradient
primary active transporters
couple the potential energy of ion gradients to transport of substances
secondary active transporters
important primary active transporters, some are used for import, others for export, consist of two ATP-binding domains and hydrolyze ATP to drive uptake, bind to molecule being transported and then interat with the transporter proteins to move the molecule into the cell
ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters
use ion gradients, some of which are created b y microbes during their metabolic processes, are second active transporters
Major facilitator superfamily protiens (MPS protiens)
linked support of two substances in the same direction
symport
linked transport in which the transported substances move in opposite directions
antiport
chemically modifies the molecule as it is brought into the cell
group translocation
transports a variety of sugars while phosphorylating them, using phosphoenolpyruvate as the phosphate donar
Phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)
the transfer of phosphate from PEP to the incoming molecule involves several protiens and is an example of
Phosphorelay system
low molecular weight organic molecules that bind ferric iron and supply it to the cell
siderophores
a relatively simple type of cell division: cell elongates, replicates its chromosome, and spearates teh newly formed DNA molecules so there is one chromosome in each half of the cell
Binary Fission
other forms of reproduction strageties
formation of buds
multiple fission
formation of multinucleoid filaments
the complete sequence of events extending from the formation of a new cell through the next division
cell cycle
two pathways in the cell cylce
partitioning of the DNA into progeny cells
carrying out cytokinesis
the single site at which replication starts
origin of replication
where replication is terminated
terminus
group of protiens needed for DNA synthesis in bacteria assemble to form
replisome
possibly help to guide the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell before division also helps to elongate the cell
MreB cytoskeleton protiens
helps with the partitioning in neucleic acid
MinCD cytoskeleton protiens
Forms around the midline of the cell, association with formation of septum materials
FtsZ cytoskeleton protiens
two pathways in the cell cylce
partitioning of the DNA into progeny cells
carrying out cytokinesis
the single site at which replication starts
origin of replication
where replication is terminated
terminus
group of protiens needed for DNA synthesis in bacteria assemble to form
replisome
possibly help to guide the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell before division also helps to elongate the cell
MreB cytoskeleton protiens
helps with the partitioning in neucleic acid
MinCD cytoskeleton protiens
Forms around the midline of the cell, association with formation of septum materials
FtsZ cytoskeleton protiens
two pathways in the cell cylce
partitioning of the DNA into progeny cells
carrying out cytokinesis
the single site at which replication starts
origin of replication
where replication is terminated
terminus
group of protiens needed for DNA synthesis in bacteria assemble to form
replisome
possibly help to guide the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell before division also helps to elongate the cell
MreB cytoskeleton protiens
helps with the partitioning in neucleic acid
MinCD cytoskeleton protiens
Forms around the midline of the cell, association with formation of septum materials
FtsZ cytoskeleton protiens