Micro Random Flashcards
(368 cards)
1
Q
composition flagellum vs pilus
A
proteins-flagellum
pilus-glycoprotein
2
Q
composition spore
A
dipicolinic acid
resist dehydration, heat, chemicals
3
Q
capsule
A
inhibits against phagocytosis
polysaccharide (poly D glutamate in B anthracis)
4
Q
location endotoxin
A
outer leaflet (LPS/LOS)
5
Q
lipid A
A
induces TNF and IL-1
6
Q
sugar backbone with peptide side chains cross linked by peptidase
A
cell wall
7
Q
lipoteichoic acids
A
gram positive only
extend from membrane to exterior
can induce TNF-alpha and IL-1
8
Q
Giemsa stain
A
chlamydia, borrelia, rickettsia, trypanosomes, plasmodium
9
Q
PAS
A
stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
used to diagnose Whipple disease
10
Q
carbol fuchsin
A
stains mycolic acid in cell wall
current standard-auramine-rhodamine stain
11
Q
chocolate agar
A
contains factor V (NAD) and X (hematin)
grows H flu
12
Q
Thayer Martin
A
contains vanco, trimethoprim and colistin and nystatin
grows neisseria
13
Q
Bordet-Gengou
A
potato extract for pertussis
14
Q
Regan-Lowe
A
charcoal, blood and antibiotics
grows pertussis
15
Q
grow diptheria
A
tellurite, Loeffler
16
Q
grow TB
A
Lowenstein-Jensen
17
Q
grow M pneumo
A
Eton agar
contains cholesterol
18
Q
MacConkey agar
A
produces acid in fermentation-turns pink
for lactose fermenting enterics
19
Q
eosin-methylene blue agar
A
gree metallic sheen for E. coli
20
Q
charcoal years with cysteine and iron
A
legionella
21
Q
sabouraud agar
A
fungi
22
Q
obligate aerobes
A
nocardia, psuedonomas, mycobacterium TB
23
Q
obligate anaerobes
A
clostridium, bacteroides, fusobacterium, actinomyces
lack catalse
24
Q
foul smell in anaerobes
A
short chain fatty acids
25
facultative anaerobes
make ATP through nonoxygen dependent pathways
| not killed by O2
26
obligate intracellular
rickettsia, chlamydia, coxiella
| rely on host ATP
27
facultative intracellular
salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia
28
encapsulated
pseudomonas, strep pneumo, h flu, neisseria, e. coli, salmonella, klebsiella, group B strep
29
encapsulated bacteria vaccines
conjugate protein
promote T cell activation
pneumo, h flu, meningitis
30
urease positive
proteus, cryptococcus, h pylori, ureaplasma, nocardia, klebsiella, s epidermidis, s saprophyticus
31
catalase positive
nocardia, pseudonomas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, e coli, staph, serratia, B cepacia, h pylori
32
ventilator associated pneumonia
p aeruginosa
| also contact lens-associated keratitis
33
binds Fc portion of IgG to prevent opsonization and phagocytosis
staph protein A
34
cleaves IgA to adhere and colonize membranes
s pneumo, h flu, neisseria
35
type III sec
pseudonomas, salmonella, shigella, e coli
36
uptake naked bacteria
transformation
37
bacteria that use transformation
s pneumo, h flu, neisseria (ones with IgA protease)
38
no transfer of chromosomal DNA
F+xF-
39
transfer part of plasmid and flanking chromosomal genes
Hfr x F-
| recipient remains F- but has new bacterial genes
40
generalized transduction
lytic cleaves bacterial DNA and packages in phage capsid
41
specialized transduction
excision-lysogenic infects bacterium
| flanking DNA may be packaged into capsid
42
toxins encoded in lysogenic phage with specialized
GAS, botulism, cholera, diptheria, shiga toxin
43
example of transposon
vanA in VRE
44
formation of spores
at end of stationary phase when nutrients are limited
45
kill spore
autoclave
| steam at 121C for 15 min
46
exotoxin
polypeptide on plasmid or bacteriophage that are highly toxic
47
exotoxin examples
tetanus, botulism, diptheria
48
endotoxin
lipid A of LPS
| induces TNF, IL-1 and IL-6
49
destruction exotoxin
at 60C
50
destruction endotoxin
at 100C for 1 hr
51
enhances cytokine release
shiga toxin and SLT
52
labile vs stable ETEC
```
labile cAMP (increase Cl secretion)
stable cGMP (decrease NaCl resorption)
```
53
pertussis toxin
overactivates AC by disabling Gi
54
location botulism toxin
NMJ
55
AB toxin
B binding
| A active
56
alpha toxin C perfringes
phospholipase degrades tissue and cell membranes
57
strep degrades cell membrane
streptolysin O
58
binds MHC II and TCR
exotoxin A-strep
| TSST-staph
59
food poisoning
heat stable enterotoxin staph
60
exfoliative toxin
scalded skin syndrome
61
composition LPS
O antigen+core polysaccharide+ lipid A
| endotoxin-not secreted actively
62
effects endotoxin
```
macrophage activation (TLR4), complement activation, tissue factor activation
(edema and NO)
```
63
common sites of staph colonization
nares, axilla, groinlabs TSS
64
increase AST, ALT and bilirubin
labs in TSS
65
no virulence without capsule
strep pneumo
66
makes dextrans which bind fibrin-platelet aggregates
s sanguinis
67
PYR+
GAS
68
impetigo
precedes glomerulonephritis
| pharyngitis can be before either
69
CAMP factor GBS
enlarges area of hemolysis formed by staph
70
hippurate + PYR-
GBS
71
intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis
GBS
72
strep bovis
associated with colon cancer
73
catalase - PYR+
enterococci
74
medusa head appearance
anthrax
75
cause cereus food poisoning
cereulide
| preformed toxin
76
treatment tetanus
antitoxin+booster
| diazepam and wound debridement
77
babies c diff
spores in honey
| treat with anti-toxin
78
causes C diff
antibiotics-clinda or ampicillin
| PPI use
79
treatment c diff
metronidazle, vancomycin, fidaxomicin
80
encoded by beta prophage
exotoxin diptheria
81
stain diptheria
metachromatic (blue and red) granules and Elek + for toxin
| black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar
82
manifestations listeria
amnionitis, septicemia, spontaneous abortion, granulomatosis infantiseptica, neonatal meningitis, meningitis in immunocompromised
83
PID with IUDs
actinomyces
84
mimic TB but -PPD and acid fast
nocardia
85
fewer false positives from BCG vaccination
interferon gamma release assay
86
prophylaxis MAI
azithromycin
87
M scrofulaceum
cervical lymphadenitis in children
88
M marinum
hand infection in aquarium handlers
89
cord factor
activates macropahges and induces release of TNF-alpha
90
sulfatides
inhibit phagolysosomal fusion
91
lepromatous
Th2-low response
92
tuberculoid
Th1
93
lactose fermenters
klebsiella, e coli, enterobacter, serratia
94
breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
beta galactosidase in e coli
95
EMB agar
lactose-purple/black
| e coli green
96
ferment maltose and glucose
meningococci
97
capsule neisseria
none in gonococci
| polysaccharide capsule in meningococci
98
conjunctivitis 2-5 days after birth
neisseria
99
prevents neonatal blindness
erythromycin
100
most common cause of mucosal infection h flu
nontypable
| unencapsulated
101
thumb sign
epiglottitis
102
vaccine h flu
type b capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitol phosphate)
conjugated to diptheria toxoid
given between 2-18 months of age
103
stages pertussis
catarrhal-low grade fever
paroxysmal
convalescent
104
lymphocytic infiltate
bordatella
| confused as viral frequently
105
treatment legionella
macrolides or quinolone
106
Legionnaires disease
pneumonia, fever, GI, and CNS symptoms
107
toxins pseudomonas
endotoxin-fever, shock
exotoxin A-inactivates EF2
phospholipase C-degrades membranes
pyocyanin-generates reactive oxygen species
108
treatments pseudonomas
carbapenems, aminoglycosides, monobactams, polymyxins, FQN, third and fourth gen cephalosporins, extended penicillins
109
mucoid polysaccharide capsule
contribute to chronic pneumonia in CF
110
patients with ecthyma gangenosum
seen in immunocompromised
111
K capsule e coli
pneumonia, neonatal meningitis
112
fimbriae e coli
cystitis, pyelonephritis
113
EIEC
invasive, dysentery
| similar manifestations similar to shigella
114
ETEC
heat labile and heat stable enterotoxins causing travelers diarrhea
115
EPEC
adheres to apical surfaces and prevents absorption in peds
116
e coli that does not produce sorbitol
EHEC
117
lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics
klebisella
118
no hematogenous spread
shigella
119
Vi capsule
salmonella typhi
120
prolongs duration
antibiotics and salmonella
121
primarily monocyte response
salmonella typhi
122
vaccine salmonella typhi
Vi capsular polysaccharide in IM
| live attenuated in oral
123
treatment typhoid fever
ceftriaxone or FQN
124
carrier state typhoid
gallbladder colonization
125
decreasing severity shigella
dysenteriae
flexneri
boydii
sonnei
126
grows in alkaline media
vibrio cholera
127
acid vibrio
acid labile
128
pseudoappendicitis
yersinia due to mesenteric adenitis and/or terminal ileitis
129
main location pylori
antrum stomach
130
treatment pylori
amoxicillin
clarithromycin
PPI
131
visualization with aniline dyes spirochete
borrelia
132
myalgia lepto
calves
| also jaundice, photophobia
133
conjunctiva suffusion
erythema without exudate
134
Weil disease
jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction
135
ixodes vector
anaplasma
babesia
borrelia
136
natural reservoir borrelia
mouse
137
DOC lyme
doxycycline
| amoxicillin and cefuroxime in children and pregnant
138
condylomomata lata
white lesions, smooth
| from syphilis
139
neurosyphilis
test spinal fluid with VDRL, FTA-ABS, PCR
140
VDRL
nonspecific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipin
| sensitive but not specific
141
false + VDRL
viral infection
drugs
rheumatic fever
lupus and leprosy
142
borrelia louse
relapsing fever from variable surface antigens
143
Lone star tick
ehrlichiosis
144
rickettsia louse
prowazekii
145
dermacentor rickettsia
rocky mountain spotted fever
146
endemic typhus
fleas
| typhi
147
epidemic typhus
louse
| prowazekii
148
monocytes with morulae
| mulberry like inclusions
ehrlichiosis
149
anaplasma
granulocytes with morulae
150
no rash or vector
| endospore
Q fever
| coxiella
151
elementary body
enters via endocytosis
152
treatment chlamydia
azithromycin
| or doxy and ceftriaxone
153
A-C chlamydia
blindness
| especially in Africa
154
D-K
everything else
| neonatal conjunctivitis-weeks
155
treatment lymphogranuloma venereum
doxycycline
156
treatment mycoplasma
macrolides, doxy, or FQN
157
fungal palatal/tongue ulcers
| splenomegaly
histoplasmosis
158
fungal simulate SCC
blastomycosis
159
tinea characteristics
branching septate hyphae
160
varieties tinea pedis
interdigital
moccasin distribution
vesicular type
161
degeneration of lipids produces acids that damage melanocytes
malasseiza
162
candida vulvovaginitis
diabetes and ABX
163
disseminated candidiasis
neutropenic patients
164
cause invasive aspergillosis
immunocompromised
| chronic granulomatous disease
165
ABPA
associated with asthma and CF
| may cause bronchiectasis and eosinophilia
166
latex agglutination
detects polysaccharide capsular antigen
167
fungal cavernous sinus thrombosis
mucor and rhizopus
168
prophylaxis PCP count
<200
169
ascending lymphangitis
nodules along draining lymphatics
| sporothrix schenckii
170
treatment sporothrix
itraconazole or potassium iodide
171
cysts with up to 4 nuclei in stool
E histolytica
172
treatment E histolytica
metronidazole, paromomycin, iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst
173
transmission cryptosporidium
oocytes in water
174
treatment cryptosporidium
nitazoxanide
175
congenital toxo
chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
176
biopsy toxo
tachzoite seen
177
spinal fluid naegleria
amoebas
178
blood smear trypanosoma
trypomastigote
179
treatment trypanosoma
suramin for blood
| melarsoprol for CNS
180
48 hr cycle
p vivax/ovale
181
72 hr cycle
p malariae
182
chloroquine MOA
blocks heme polymerase
183
life threatening malaria
quinidine or artesunate (test for G6PD)
184
primaquine
for hypnozoite for vivax/ovale
185
fever and hemolytic anemia
babesia
186
unilateral periorbital swellin
Romana sign
| acute stage Chagas
187
blood smear chagas
trypomastigote
188
treatment chagas
benznidazole or nifurtimox
189
visceral leishmaniasis
spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
190
cutaneous leishmaniasis
skin ulcers
191
diagnosis leishmania
macrophages containing amastigotes
192
wet mount trichomonas
trophozoites moving
193
type I HSR to helminths
neutralization of histamine and leukotrienes
194
type II HSR to helminths
eosinophils attach to surface of helminths via IgE and release cytotoxins (major basic protein)
195
treatment pinworm
pyrantel pamoate or bendazoles
196
ascariasis
fecal-oral
197
cutaneous larva migranse
serpiginous rash from ancylostoma (hook worm)
198
trichuris
whipworm that causes rectal prolapse in children
199
visceral larva migrans
migrate to blood through intestinal wall
| affects heart, liver, eyes, CNS
200
transmission onchocerca
female blackfly
201
transmission loa loa
deer fly, horse fly, mango fly
202
transmission wuchereria
female mosquito
203
treatment neurocysticercosis
albendazole
204
cysticercosis
ingestion of eggs
205
transmission echinococcus
ingestion of eggs
206
treatment echinococcus
albendazole
207
squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
s haematobium (terminal spine)
208
biliary tract inflammation
leads to pigmented gallstones
| clonorchis sinensis
209
cancer clonorchis
cholangiocarcinoma
| from undercooked fish
210
pruritus worse at night
scabies
| transmission through skin to skin contact
211
treatment scabies
permethrin cream
212
lice
pediculus, blood suckling
| can transmit prowazekii, borrelia recurrentis, bartonella quintana
213
treatment lice
pyrethroids, malathion, or ivermectin
| can be treated at home without interrupting school attendance
214
recombination
exchange between 2 chromosomes by crossing over in regions with homology
215
reassortment
segmented genomes exchange genetic material
| antigenic shift
216
complementation
nonmutated complements mutated one by making functional proteins
hepB makes envelope for HDV
217
live attenuated vaccines
MMR, Yellow fever, Rotavirus, influenza, chickenpox, smallpox, sabin
218
killed vaccines
rabies, influenza, salk polio, HAV
| induce only humoral immunity
219
subunit vaccines
HBV, HPV
220
circular DNA
papilloma, polyoma, hepadnaviruses
221
infectivity naked viral genome
require polymerases in virion to be infectious
222
membrane herpes
from nuclear membrane
223
febrile pharyngitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, pink eye
adenovirus
224
cause PML
JC virus in HIV
225
virus targets kidneys
BK polyomavirus
226
pure RBC aplasia and rheumatoid arthritis in adult
parvo
227
most common cause of sporadic encephalitis
HSV1
228
herpes zoster ophthalmicus
V1 varicella HHV3
229
lymphoproliferative disease in transplant patients
EBV HHV4
230
hemorrhage, cotton-wool exudates, vision loss
CMV in AIDS retinitis
231
latency CMV
mononuclear cells
| owl eye inclusions
232
intranuclear eosinophilic Cowdry A inclusions
HSV and VZV
233
receptor CMV
integrins
234
receptor parvo
P antigen on RBC
235
receptor rabies
nicotinic AChR
236
chikungunya
togavirus
237
HTLV
T celll leukemia
| icosahedral capsid
238
croup
parainfluenza
239
LCMV
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
| an arenavirus
240
segmented ambisense
arenavirus
241
rhino and acid
acid labile
242
Councilman bodies
eosinophilic apoptotic globules in liver seen in Yellow fever virus
243
binds sialic acid and promotes viral entry
hemagglutinin
244
location replication live attenuated influenza vaccine
in nose and not in lung
245
blueberry muffin appearance from rubella
due to dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis
246
fusion protein
causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells
247
promotes virion release
neuraminidase
248
steeple sign
narrowing upper trachea and subglottis
| from parainfluenza
249
severe croup
pulsus paradoxus secondary to upper airway obstruction
250
prodrome measles
cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, Koplik spots
251
Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells
fused lymphocytes seen in measles
252
sequelae measles
SSPE, encephalitis, and giant cell pneumonia
253
reduce morbidity and mortality from measles
vitamin A
| particularly in malnourished children
254
negri bodies
cytoplasmic inclusions
| purkinje and hippocampal neurons
255
postexposure rabies
killed vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin
256
transport rabies
retrograde via dynein after binding to Ach receptors
257
target cells ebola
endothelial cells, phagocytes, hepatocytes
258
Zika
flavivirus from Aedes mosquito
259
Zika in pregnant womane
congenital microcephaly and miscarriage
260
naked viruses hepatitis
A and E
261
lacks exonuclease activity
HCVHCV
| leads to variation in envelope proteins
262
macrovascular steatosis
HCV
263
ground glass and cytotoxic T cell mediated damage liver
HBV
264
hepatocyte swelling, Counsilman bodies
HAV
265
leukocytoclastic vasculitis
seen in HepC
266
porphyria cutanea tarda and lichen planus
hepC
267
renal HepC
membranous
268
renal HepB
membranoproliferative
269
endocrine HepC
increase risk for DM and autoimmune hypothyroidism
270
anti HBs
from vaccination or recovery
271
env
gp 120 and 41 for attachment and fusion
272
gag
p24 and p17 for capsid and matrix proteins
273
pol
reverse trasncriptase, aspartate protease, integrase
274
early infection HIV receptor
CCR5 on macrophages
275
receptor late HIV
CXCR4
276
diagnosis HIV
ELISA-sensitive
| Western Blot-specific
277
AIDS diagnosis
<200
| HIV and AIDS defining condition
278
problems with diagnosis HIV
falsely negative 1-2 months
| falsely positive in babies due to anti-gp120 crossing placenta
279
detecting viral lode in babies HIV
PCR
280
location replication HIV latent phase
lymph nodes
281
oval yeast cells within macrophages
histoplasma capsulatum
| seen inHIV patients less than 200
282
nonenhancing areas of demyelination on MRI
PML from JC reactivation
283
acid fast oocysts in stool
cryptosporidium
284
CNS lymphoma
ring enahncing from EBV
| usually solitary
285
special infections CF
burkholderia cepacia
staph aureus
strep pneumo
pseudomonas
286
post viral infection
strep pneumo
staph aureus
h flu
287
most common to cause abscess
viridans and staph aureus
288
otitis and mastoiditis abscess
temporal lobe and cerebellum
289
sinusitis or dental infection abscess
frontal lobe
290
osteomyelitis involving vertebra
staph and TB
291
best test for osteomyelitis
MRI
| elevated CRP and ESR
292
predisposing factors UTI
obstruction, kidney surgery, catheterization, GU malformation, diabetes, pregnancy
293
+nitrite
E coli
294
thin white vaginal discharge
bacterial vaginosis
295
nonspecific TORCH infection signs
hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation
296
meningoencephalitis in baby
HSV-2
297
oval shaped vsicles on palms and soles
hand foot mouth
298
fine desquamating truncal rash
Rubella
299
clinical features gonorrhea
urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epidymitis, arthritis
300
granuloma inguinale
red ulcer that bleeds on contact
| from Klebsiella
301
most common bacterial STI
chlamydia
| can cause PID
302
risk factor for ectopic preganncy
salpingitis
303
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
infection of liver capsule and violin string adhesions of peritoneum to liver
304
bacteria from ventilators and intubation
pseudomonas, klebsiella, acinetobacter, staph aureus
305
penicillin G vs V
G IV or IM
| V oral
306
greater oral availability than ampicillin
amoxicillin
307
bulky R group penicillin
diclox, naf, oxacillin
308
beta lactamase inhibitors
clavulanic acid
avibactam
sulbactam
tazobactam
309
organisms not covered in cephalospoins 1-4
listeria
atypicals
MRSA
Enterococci
310
ABX prior to surgery
cefazolin
311
ceftazidime
pseudomonas coverage
312
adverse cephalosporins
disulfiram like reaction
| vitamin K def
313
cilastin
inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase I
314
decrease risk of seizures carapenem
meropenem
315
MOA aztreonam
binds BPB3
| synergistic with aminogylcosides
316
prevent red man
antihistamines
317
resistance to van
d-ala to d-lac
318
ABX cause neuromuscular blockade
aminoglycosides
319
resistance to aminoglycosides
acetylation, phosphorlation, adenylation
320
tigecycline MOA
binds 30S
321
gray baby
lack UDP-glucuronyltransferase
322
resistance to chloramphenicol
plasmid encoded acetyltransferase
323
resistance to macrolides
methylation of 23s rRNA
324
macrolides inhibit p450
clarithromycin
| erythromycin
325
MOA sulfonamides
inhibit dihdropteroate synthase
326
MOA trimethoprim
inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase
327
FQN inhibit p450
cipro
328
resistance to FQN
mutation in gyrase, plasmid resistance, efflux pumps
329
delay resistance to dapsone in leprosy
rifamycins
330
rifabutin
less p450 stimulation
331
formation of active metabolite isoniazie
catalase peroxidase (KatG)
332
pyrazinamide
acidic pH
| results in hyperuricmia
333
blocking arabinosyltransferase
ethambutol
334
prophylaxis exposure to syphilis
benzathine penicillin G
335
use colistin
multidrug resistant pseudomonas and acinetobacter
336
supplement with ampho
K and Mg
337
adverse flucytosine
bone marrow suppression
338
gynecomastia from azole
ketoconazole
339
neuronal membrane depolarization via Na
permethrin
340
AchE inhibitor
malathione
341
blocks GABA
lindane
| leads to neurotoxicity
342
blocks detox heme into hemozoin
chloroquine
343
inhibit neuraminidase
oseltamivir
344
drug for zoster
famciclovir
345
adverse acyclovir
obstructive crystalline nephropathy
346
MOA ganciclovir
5' monophosphate guanosine analog that inhibits DNAP
347
foscarnet
DNA/RNAP inhibitor
| does not require activation
348
cidofovir
inhibits viral DNAP, does not require phosphorylation by viral kinase
349
adverse cidofovir
nephrotoxicity
350
preferential HIV treatment
2 NRTIs and an integrase inhibitor
351
NRTI pancreatitis
didanosine
352
abacavir
hypersensitivity in B5701
353
do not require phosphorylation
delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine
354
vivid dreams
efavirenz
355
contraindicated NNRTI in pregnancy
delavirdine and efavirenz
356
ritonavir
boost other drug concentrations by inhibiting p450
357
adverse indinavir
nephropathy, hematuria, thrombocytopenia
358
uses IFN alpha
hep B, C, kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, condyloma acuminatum, RCC, malignant melanoma
359
uses IFN-beta
MS
360
use IFN-gamma
chronic granulomatous disease
361
MOA ribavirin
inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
362
adverse ribavirin
hemolytic anemia
363
sofosbuvir
inhibits RNA dependent RNAP
364
simeprevir
HCV protease inhibitor
| causes photosensitivity
365
ledipasvir
NS5A inhibitor
366
chlorhexidine
denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes
367
hydrogen peroxide
sporicidal
368
iodine and iodophors
halogenation of RNA, DNA, and proteins
| may be sporicidal
