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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 10 - How Viruses are Transmitted & Cause Disease (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 10 - How Viruses are Transmitted & Cause Disease (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Number of new infections over a period of time

A

Incidence

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2
Q

Total number of people infected in a population, new and old, over a period of time

A

Prevalence

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3
Q

Expected number of cases in a population. This number can be high, low, or even seasonal

A

Endemic

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4
Q

An increase in the average number of cases in an area

A

Epidemic

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5
Q

An epidemic that has spread to several countries or continents

A

Pandemic

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6
Q

On average, how many people one infected person will infect in a susceptible population

A

R0-Reproductive number

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7
Q

Spread in a population where not everyone is susceptible

A

Effective reproductive number (Re or Rt)

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8
Q

_____ is fixed, but ____ can change with changing variables such as social distancing, mask-wearing, immunity by infection, or vaccination

A

R0; Re

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9
Q

When people talk about getting R below 1, they are talking about ____

A

Re

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10
Q

An infectious disease transmitted from one source to another

A

Communicable

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11
Q

Name the 3 ways an infectious disease can be transmitted from one source to another

A
  1. Person to person
  2. Animal to person
  3. Fomite to person (phone, pen, shopping cart handle, etc)
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12
Q

Infections derived from contact; considered a very communicable disease spread by contact or proximity to an infected person

A

Contagious

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13
Q

What 3 ways are contagious infections transmitted?

A
  1. Respiratory droplets
  2. Fecal/oral
  3. Contact with skin or abrasion
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14
Q

Infections that are still communicable, but not by casual contact

A

Non-contagious

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15
Q

What 6 ways are non-contagious infections transmitted?

A
  1. Sexual contact (semen, vaginal fluid, lesions)
  2. Parenteral/injection (shared needles, needle stick)
  3. Congenital (transplacental)
  4. Perinatal (during or shortly after birth)
  5. Arboviral (mosquito, tick)
  6. Zoonotic (infected animals to humans)
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16
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Ebola

A

Contagious

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17
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Gastroenteritis

A

Contagious

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18
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Respiratory infections

A

Contagious

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19
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HIV

A

Non-contagious

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20
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HBV

A

Non-contagious

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21
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HCV

A

Non-contagious

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22
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Sexually transmitted infections

A

Non-contagious

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23
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HSV-1 and HSV-2

A

Non-contagious

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24
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Arboviruses

A

Non-contagious

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25
Contagious or non-contagious? HPV
Non-contagious
26
Contagious or non-contagious? Zika
Non-contagious
27
Contagious or non-contagious? Dengue
Non-contagious
28
Contagious or non-contagious? Yellow fever
Non-contagious
29
Season for many viruses that are enveloped and transmitted through respiratory route and many gastroenteric viruses
Winter/Spring
30
Peak season for arobviruses (peak in mosquito vectors) and picornaivruses
Summer/early Fall
31
Time from infection until symptoms appear
Incubation period
32
Person is infected, but no virus is shed from the body
Latent period
33
Time from infection until one becomes infectious and capable of spreading disease to tohers
Latent period
34
Infected individual can spread disease to others
Infectious phase
35
Can a person be infectious before symptoms appear?
Yes!
36
Can a person stop being infectious before symptoms resolve?
Yes!
37
Can a person remain infectious after symptoms stop?
Yes!
38
Generalized symptoms that occur in many viral infections before specific symptoms arise that might aid in diagnosis
Prodromal phase
39
What is this an example of? In measles, a person feels sick before the measles-defining rash
Prodromal phase
40
In most infections, the majority of people infected are __________ or ___________ infected
asymptomatically; subclinically
41
T/F: People who are asymptomatically or subclinically infected have no symptoms, but can spread disease - but not as well as those who have symptoms
True
42
What 3 factors determine the severity of infection?
1. Age 2. Immune status 3. Genetics
43
T/F: Infections in children are always worse than the general population
FALSE, infections in children can be worse or sometimes better than the general population
44
Why are infections in people over 65 usually worse than the general population?
Immune system doesn't work as well Other health problems can make infections worse
45
Which patients have a much worse outcome with infections that can be relatively benign to the general population?
Immunocompromised
46
What can prevent infection or lead to milder symptoms?
Prior exposure by vaccine or previous infection
47
What can be a factor in disease severity?
General health of host
48
What makes certain people more or less susceptible to disease?
Genetic determinates
49
What is the most common form of transmission?
Human to human
50
Name the 2 types of human to human transmission
1. Horizontal 2. Vertical
51
What is the most common type of transmission from human to human?
Horizontal
52
Mother to infant, either in utero or during birth
Vertical
53
Spread of disease from a non-human reservoir to a human host
Zoonotic
54
Name the 2 types of zoonotic transmission
1. Indirect 2. Direct
55
Infection spread by insect intermediary called "the vector"
Indirect zoonotic
56
Infection spread by infected non-human animal to the human
Direct zoonotic
57
Virus is present in blood
Viremia
58
Localized or generalized (systemic) infection? Doesn't spread throughout body; no viremia. Some but not all infections of the respiratory tract, GI tract, eye, skin
Localized
59
Localized or generalized (systemic) infection? Shorter incubation times, usually days
Localized
60
Localized or generalized (systemic) infection? IgA is usually important
Localized
61
Localized or generalized (systemic) infection? Not always lifelong immunity, sometimes shorter mucosal immunity
Localized
62
Localized or generalized (systemic) infection? Spreads through the body via blood (viremia) or nervous system
Generalized (systemic)
63
Localized or generalized (systemic) infection? Longer incubation times, weeks to months
Generalized (systemic)
64
Localized or generalized (systemic) infection? IgG is more important
Generalized (systemic)
65
Localized or generalized (systemic) infection? Usually lifelong immunity
Generalized (systemic)
66
All infections with viruses have what phase?
Acute phase (asymptomatic or symptomatic)
67
What are the 3 outcomes of the infection after the acute phase?
1. Virus cleared from body 2. Latent with virus only present if reactivated 3. Chronic
68
For a chronic infection, is there a higher or lower virus level in the body than in acute phase?
Lower virus level
69
T/F: There can be a chronic infection in which the person never develops symptoms after acute phase
True
70
T/F: There can be a chronic infection in which the person develops symptoms months to years after acute phase
True
71
A new virus is spreading in the US. It is spread very efficiently by needle sharing and sex. The CDC has come out with the news that, on average, each sick person is infecting 2.5 people. What is the type of transmission? What is the reproductive number?
Transmission = non-contagious Reproductive number = 2.5
72
What infection would lead to the lowest incidence in the general population over one month? a. An acute respiratory infection b. An acute gatroenteritis infection c. A chronic infection, sexually transmitted d. A chronic infection spread by IV drug use
d. A chronic infection spread by IV drug use
73
You are standing next to a person in an elevator who is sneezing and coughing. You have too much to do to get sick and hope that the person did not just transmit their disease. If you get sick, what type of transmission would it be?
Horizontal

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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