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Microbiology > Microbiology introduction/basic types and functions > Flashcards

Microbiology introduction/basic types and functions Flashcards

1
Q

Define microbiology

A

the study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye

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2
Q

What is a microorganism?

A

A microbe an organism with a diameter of 1mm or less

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3
Q

What are the four major groups of microbes?

A

Bacteria, Protists (protistan), Fungi, Viruses

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4
Q

Are bacteria Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Procaryotes.

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5
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

through binary fission

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6
Q

What does it mean to be motile or non motile?

A

mobile or nonmobile

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7
Q

What does it mean to be a facultative anaerobe?

A

Able to switch from aerobic to anaerobic in the absence of oxygen

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8
Q

Give an example of a facultative anaerobe

A

Coliforms e. coli

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9
Q

what is the average size of bacteria?

A

.5-2.0 nanometer

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10
Q

What are the three major shapes of bacteria

A

Round(coccus) Rods(bacillus) Spiral(spirillum)

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11
Q

Name the shape

A

Coccus

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12
Q

name the shape

A

Bacillus

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13
Q

name that shape

A

spirillum

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14
Q

name that shape

A

Star

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15
Q

name that shape!

A

Square

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16
Q

name that shape

A

fliamentous

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17
Q

Name that shape!

A

Pleomorphic

(assues different shapes)

X,Y,V forms

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18
Q

What are the two major classes of protists?

A

Algae and Protoza

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19
Q

What is algae?

A

Plant like protists that are usually aquatic and photosynthetic

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20
Q

What is a protozoa

A

uni/mulitcellular Animal like proitusts mostly capable of movement

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21
Q

Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

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22
Q

What are fungi?

A

Mostly multicellular eukaryotes with filamentous bodies

usually spore-bearing

generally non-motile

NON-Photosynthetic

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23
Q

What are the only unicellular fungi?

A

yeast

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24
Q

What about pleomorphic bacteria allows them to assume different shapes?

A

they have no cell wall

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25
Q

The cell wall of fungi contains___

A

chitin

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26
Q

The cell wall of bacteria contains___?

A

peptidoglycan

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27
Q

What is a virius?

A

A submicroscopic, acellular(no cell) particle composed of a nuecleic acid(either DNA or RNA but never both) with a protein coat

They are aways obligate parasites

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28
Q

what is an obligate parasite?

A

they can only replicate inside a host body

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29
Q

What are the other small organisms study under the scope of microbiology?

A

Helminths-

Nematodes and pathogenic worms

Arthropods

insects, mites, ticks(vectors of disease)

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30
Q

what percent of microbes are known to cause disease?

A

1%

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31
Q

What is the nummber one potential bio-weapon?

A

smallpox

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32
Q

in the ___century Bubinic Plague was caused by the ____Bacterium and killed ____people over 300 years. It was perpetuated due to the belief in _____

A

14th

Yersinia Pestis

aprox 25 million

Abiogensis

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33
Q

Typhus is caused by what bacterium?

A

The Rickettsiae species

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34
Q

What type of pathogen is smallpox?

A

a viris

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35
Q

What type of pathogen is influenza?

A

a Virus

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36
Q

How is Cholera spread? What bacterium is responsible?

A

Polluted water

Vibrio cholera

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37
Q

What type of pathogen is AIDS?

A

A virus

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38
Q

What is SARS?

what causes it?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom

caused by the corona virus

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39
Q

What type of pathogen is Mad Cow Disease?

A

an infectious protein=prions

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40
Q

Name the pathogen and its type that caused the potato blight

A

Phytophthora infestans

fungus

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41
Q

WHat are the seven important factors of microbes

A

agents of disease

decomposers and cleaners of the environment

they form symbiotic relationships

the serve as food for many

used to produce food and drink

source of antibiotics and other drugs

tools for genetic engineering and research

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42
Q

name the pathogen and its type that causes coffee rust

A

Fungus

Hemilea vastarix

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43
Q

Why are microbes important for the environment?

A

they decompose dead organisms

they clean the environment

they recycle vital elements *most important*

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44
Q

Name one of the two fungi genuses that are used in oil spill clean up?

A

Penicillium sp.

Pseudomonas sp.

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45
Q

What type of bacteria are used to clean up sewers, produce methane gas

A

Methanogens

46
Q

What type of Microbe is used to help clean up nuclear waste?

A

algae

47
Q

How do microbes and plants work together?

A

Bicteria will populate the roots of that plants to aide in nutriant absorbtion.

48
Q

what are the bacteria that fix nitrogen?

A

Rhizobia

49
Q

What is the fungi that is found in the roots of plants that is able to absorb phosphorous and other nutrients for plants?

A

Mycorrhizal

50
Q

What are three microbe types that are food for marine animals?

A

algae, cyanobacteria, protozoa

51
Q

What microbes do humans eat?

A

mushrooms and algae

52
Q

what is the genus of yeasts used in alcoholic beverages?

A

Saccharomyces

53
Q

Where does xanthan gum come from?

A

The harvested capsual layer of Xanthomonas campestris bacteria

54
Q

What bacteria makes blue cheese?

A

Penicillin roquefortii

55
Q

Penicillin comes from a _____ called ____

A

fungus

Penicillium

56
Q

Streptomycin comes of a ____?

A

bacteria

57
Q

Botox comes from a ____ called _____

Name is dirived from

Bo=

Tox=

A

Bacterium

Clostridium Botulinum

Botulism

Toxin

58
Q

How are microbes used in genetic engineering?

A

Source of enzymes

carriers of foreign genes

59
Q

WHat three factors make microbes excellent tools for research?

A

Simple structures

fast growth

cheap to produce en-mass

60
Q

Bacteriology studies___

A

bacteria

61
Q

Mycology studies_____

A

fungi

62
Q

Pycology studies_____

A

algae

63
Q

parasitology studies _____

A

parasitic worms and arthropods

64
Q

Protozoology studies ____

A

protists

65
Q

Virology studies _____

A

viruses

66
Q

What are the two broad categories of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

67
Q

What does Prokaryote mean?

A

they evolved before nucleuses

Pro-Before

Karyon-Kernal

68
Q

What does Eukaryote mean?

A

has a nucleus

Eu-true

Karyon-kernal

69
Q

What organisms are represented as prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and archaea

70
Q

What organisms are represented as Eukaryotes?

A

Protists, fungi, plants, animals

71
Q

Level or organization for Prokaryotes

A

single celled

72
Q

Level or organization for Eukaryotes

A

Mostly multicelluar with the exception of yeasts and protists

73
Q

Average size for Prokaryotes

A

0.3-2.0µm

74
Q

Average size for eukaryotes

A

5-50µm

75
Q

Type of cell wall in prokaryotes

A

peptidoglycan

76
Q

type of cell wall in plants

A

cellulose

77
Q

type of cell wall in fungi

A

chitin *also in arthropods*

78
Q

type of cell wall in animals

A

none

79
Q

cell division in prokaryotes

A

binary fission

80
Q

cell division in eukaryotes

A

mitosis and meiosis

81
Q

______ have zero organlles

A

prokaryotes

82
Q

WHat is the nature of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A

small 70s with 50s and 30s subunits

83
Q

What is the nature of the ribsomes in eukaryotic cells?

A

large 80s with 60s and 40s subunits

84
Q

Define Cell

A

the basic unit of life

85
Q

according to the germ thory, all calles come from____

A

other cells

86
Q

What are the four universal components of cells

A

a cytoplasm

plasma membrane

DNA

Ribosome

87
Q

What is the cytoplam

A

the semi-solid internal portion of the cell.

supports the organelles

88
Q

what is the plasma membrane/cell membrane

A

the semipermiable envelope around the cytoplasm

89
Q

What is DNA

A

genetic materal

90
Q

what is the ribosome

A

the site of protein synthesis

91
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic chromosome

A

Composed of DNA or RNA and associated proteins

contains hereditary material *genetic blueprints*

Not inclosed in a membrane

92
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic plasmid.

A

a circular extrachromosomal DNA in some bacteria

Not vital but may encode genes necessary for survival

93
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic inclusion bodies?

A

some are storage granules containing glycogen

some are gas vesicles that work as a floatation device.

94
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic endospore.

A

formed by only some bacteria of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium

Layers of calcium and Dipicolinic acid.

survival structure not a reproductive structure

95
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

96
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic Pilus

2 types

A

Fimbriae =shorter pili ised for attachment to surfaces /hoast tissues

F pilus/conjugation pilus= longer pilus for transfer of DNA from one bacteria cell to the other.

97
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic flagellum

A

Hair like wavy structers used for locomation.

made of the protein falgellin it is wavy

98
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic capsule/slime layer

A

collectivley called glycocalyx

made up of carbohydrates and serves as a protective device and trapping of nutrients and adherence to surface

99
Q

What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic cell wall

A

in all bacteria except mycoplasmas

composed of peptidoglycan and maybe lipids

serves as structural support and protection from bursting due to osmotic pressure

100
Q

What are the three types of cell wall?

A

Gram Positive

Gram Negative

Acid Fast

101
Q

What is a gram positive cell wall

A

a cell wall that is made up of homogenous layer of peptidoglycan (60-90% of cell wall)

102
Q

What are the two components of peptidoglycan

A

Sugar protein

103
Q

What is a gram negative cell wall

A

a cell wall with a small layer of peptidoglycan (10-20%) of cell wall. with an outer-membrane made up of lipopolysaccharides *fat and sugar*

Also called Lipid A endotoxin

104
Q

What is the pathogenic factor of gram negative cells?

A

the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane

105
Q

What is an acid-fast cell wall?

A

has a peptidoglycan layer (less than 10% of cell wall) with a thick layer of lipid*wax* (60% of cell wall)

106
Q

Why are acidfast bacteria slow growing?

A

because the the outter lipid layer is very selective and impedes the diffusion of nutrients

107
Q

What are the three primary functions of the prokaryotic cell wall?

1 normal

2 unique

A

Regulation of movement of substances in and out of the cell

*Unique*

Site of DNA attachment during replication

Site of respiration

108
Q

Where is the site of DNA attachment in bacteria?

A

the cell membrane

109
Q

Bacteria do not have mitochondria. Where then do they produce adenosine triphosphate

A

In the cell membrane. This is the cite of respiration in prokaryotic cells

110
Q
A

Microbiology (8 decks)

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