Mid-term Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Define mobilization. Give an example
A
The act of assembling and organizing national resources in support of national objectives in time of war.
Ex. Serbia mobilized after Austria sent them an ultimatum.
2
Q
Who was Sir John A. Macdonald?
A
The first Prime Minister of Canada, elected from 1867-73, 78-91. He created the BNA Act and the union of provinces that became Canada.
3
Q
Who was Robert Borden?
A
The Prime Minister of Canada from 1911-20 (During WW1), won as a conservative in the”Reciprocity Election”. He was in favour of conscription, believing it was Canadian duty. He passed the War Measures Act in 1914 and committed Canada to contributing half a million soldiers to the war. H introduced a bill to allow women’s suffrage.
4
Q
Who was Sam Hughes?
A
Canada’s Minister of Militia from 1911 to 1916A conservative politician who supported the National Policy and influenced Canada to become involved in the Boer/ South-African War. He had a big military impact and was considered a genius in the war effort, but was failed to equip the troops properly with clothing and weapons, so was fired. He was disliked for anti-catholicism and for pressuring French-Canadians to enlist/be conscripted.
5
Q
Who was Arthur Currie?
A
He became the first Canadian commander to the Canadian Corps in WW1. Led in the Second Battle of Ypres, of Vimy Ridge and the Somme. Strategized, prepared and trained forces for Vimy Ridge with Julian Byng.
6
Q
Who was Wilfred Laurier?
A
A French Canadian, liberal Prime Minister that believed the French and English could work together, in unity. The French Canadians were being forced to assimilate and losing their culture, and although he believed in stopping this, he betrayed the french and only allowed french to be taught where numbers warranted. He was against conscription (no man should be forced unless Canada was invaded).
7
Q
Who was Henri Bourassa?
A
A French Canadian politician who was opposed to conscription: French Canadians shouldn’t have to fight for something they are not associated with. The european conflict was a foreign issue it brought upon itself. An ideological father to French Canadian nationalism and promoted catholicism.
8
Q
Who was Douglas Haig?
A
Sir Douglas Haig was a British general that led allied troops in the Somme and Passchendaele and who’s force played a big role in the defeat of Germany.
9
Q
Who was Franz Ferdinand?
A
Archduke Franz Ferdinand: The heir to the Austrian Hungarian throne who was assassinated with his wife (Duchess Sophia) by The Black Hand. This event had a major role in causing WW1. Assassinated June 28, 1914.
10
Q
Who was Gavrilo Princip?
A
The guerilla of the Black Hand who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, partially causing WW1.
11
Q
What was the Black Hand?
A
A nationalist Serbian group working in Austria-Hungary; responsible for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Had an underground war with Austria-Hungary pre-WW1 in attempt to win freedom from Austria-Hungery to live as the nation of Serbia.
12
Q
Who was the Red Baron?
A
Manfred von Richthofen, a.k.a. the Red Baron, was the highest-scoring fighter pilot in WW1. He was a german, so Allied pilots dreaded the appearance of the Baron’s bright-red fighter.
13
Q
Who was Nellie McClung?
A
Nellie McMcClung, or Nellie Mooney, was a very important member of the famous five. She was a suffragist, prohibition activist and successful author. She was elected into Alberta legislature in 1921.
14
Q
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
A
An idealist, the president of the United States during WW1, one of the Big Three. Kept America separated from WW1 as long as possible until the Sinking of the Lusitania. He could not understand how Germany, an advanced civilization, could cause so much devastation individually, but wanted to keep European affairs separate from America and to input as little as possible.
15
Q
Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II?
A
Wilhelm II was the Kaiser (emperor) of Germany during WW1. He was a well-known militarist, but did not actively seek war and tried to hold Germany back from militarizing. Was competitive with Britain’s navy and entered the war immediately in support of Austria-Hungary.
16
Q
How are pacifists significant to Canadian history?
A
Pacifists, people who believe that war and violence are unjustifiable; nearly all political, women’s, labour groups had endorsed pacifism. Pacifism had a big role in the opposition to conscription, and Woodsworth and MacPhail endorsed pacifism and gained publicity for a peace movement.
17
Q
Define “Enemy Alien” and explain its significance to WW1
A
An alien residing in a country at war with the one of which he or she is a citizen: in WW1, anti-German propaganda in Canada made many Canadians fearful and hateful of German citizens in Canada. German culture was removed from Canada and “enemy aliens” were interned behind barbed wire. Ukrainian Canadians were also victim of this.
18
Q
Define suffragists and describe their effect on Canadian history
A
A person advocating the extension of suffrage (the right to vote in political elections), especially to women:fought in the persons case and succeeded in having women considered “persons” in the eyes of the law; supported prohibition, and by doing so and protesting, won women the right to vote, giving them a political voice.
19
Q
What was the W.C.T.U.? The Temperance movement?
A
The Women’s Christian Temperance Union was a group in support of prohibition that had a lot of power in Canada and the United States. Had big role in the temperance movement: a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
20
Q
How is the W.C.T.U. connected to women’s suffrage?
A
The government also supported prohibition, but many men did not. When Women said that with the right to vote, they would vote in support of prohibition, the government seized the opportunity. Win-win situation.
21
Q
Who was David Lloyd George?
A
A British, liberal politician who held a seat in the British Parliament and was Prime Minister of Britain in 1916. He was well known for his radicalism: altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value systems. He was a member of the Big Three: publicly agreeing that Germany was at fault for the war and should be granted no lenience to agree with the British public, but privately believing that Germany had to be dealt with carefully in order to avoid communism.
22
Q
Who was George Clemenceau?
A
A.K.A. “le Tigre”. A premier during final year of war in France and member of the Big Three: believed Germany should suffer so she could never start a war again. This was his personal opinion and the one of the French public
23
Q
Who was Frederick Loft?
A
A Mohawk from the Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve in Ontario and a war veteran. Key figure in movement for First nations’ voices to be heard. He helped found the league of Indians of Canada (modelled after League of Nations), after being treated unfairly differently from war veterans of other races.
24
Q
Who was Mackenzie King?
A
A liberal politician who was elected Prime Minister of Canada from 1921–30, and 1935–48; wouldn’t give any support to Conservative provincial governments when needed to fix unemployment issues.
25
Who was J.S. Woodsworth?
The leader of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation: political party in the 1930s that eventually its name to New Democratic Party (NDP). He accepted immigration but believed in assimilation. He was criticized as a communist, but worked to improve public services for the common person, leader of general strike
26
Who was Emily Carr?
Canadian painter, writer, major female artist of the 1920s. One of the most important Canadian painters ever: painted Canadian landscape and indigenous culture with a modern style.
27
Who was Agnes Macphail?
Female activist who entered politics in 1921, becoming first woman in Canadian politics shortly after Ontarian women had won the right to vote at every level of government. She came from a farm family so took interest in farming politics and spoke honestly about issues in rural communities. Her nomination to government was protested but supported. She also challenged women's, racial and immigrant's, and labour issues. Not a member of the famous five but greatly associated with the,
28
Who was Emily Murphy?
A female journalist, politician, activist who wrote professionally under the alias Janey Canuck. She was the first woman magistrate in Canada and the British Empire, but her appointment as so was challenged on grounds that women were not persons. She was a member of The Famous Five
29
Who were The Famous Five?
A group of women from western Canada that challenged the Canadian government's definition of the word "persons" (the BNA act). Made up of Emily Murphy, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Edwards and Louise McKinney
30
Who was Duncan Campbell Scott?
One of the main advocates of assimilation, leader of the Department of Indian Affairs: wanted "to get rid of the Indian problem". Believed education was key to assimilation. Also a well-known poet.
31
Define enlistment
Act of enlisting: enrolling for military service
32
Define shell shock
Psychological disturbance caused by prolonged exposure to active warfare, especially being under bombardment (continuous attack with missiles)
33
Define ultimatum
A final offer or demand made by one party to another, especially in negotiations, expressing or implying the threat of serious consequences or the breakoff of relations if the terms are not accepted
34
Define propaganda
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view: exaggerrating small events to use for advertising
35
Define rationing
Allowing each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity), usually food.
36
Define trench-foot
A fungal infection of the feet brought on by prolonged exposure to damp, cold conditions allied to poor environmental hygiene; it affected all armies in trench warfare in ww1 before trenches were improved
37
Define No Man's Land
The term used by soldiers to describe the ground between the two opposing trenches
38
Define "going over the top"
Came into usage during World War I and referenced attacking infantry rising out of their own trenches to assault the enemy. In order to attack opposing trench lines, infantry were required to climb over the parapet of their trenches and cross "No Man's Land". In the Somme, many men ran over the top and were killed thinking no one was left in the enemy trenches
39
Define victory bond
Promissory notes that were sold to the Canadian public by the Canadian Government. A citizen purchases a note for a certain amount of money that is given to the government. They are promised return with interest.
40
Define creeping barrage
a.k.a. rolling barrage: designed so as to place a curtain of artillery fire just ahead of advancing infantry, a barrage which would constantly shift - or creep - forward directly ahead of attacking troops
41
Define barrage
A concentrated artillery bombardment over a wide area
42
Define casualty
Someone killed or injured
43
Define mutiny. Give an example
Open rebellion against constituted authority, by soldiers against their officers: When the French were attacked with chlorine gas in Ypres, soldiers engaged in mutiny by fleeing.
44
Define blockade
Sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving
45
Define armistice
An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce. Ex. on xmas, 1914, enemies met in No Man's Land to enjoy the day, at 11 am, November 11th, 1918, Germany signed an armistice agreement.
46
Define reparation and explain its relevance to ww1
Compensation demanded by a victorious nation from a defeated nation; heavy reparation debts were imposed on Germany by Britain, France, and the other victorious nations. Also demanded for Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Turkey in the Treaty of Versailles, but was only reasonable for Germany in its state compared to the other countries.
47
Define union
An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests; a labor union
48
Define strike
A refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer
49
Define branch plant and explain how it relates to the Canadian economy
A plant or factory in Canada belonging to a company whose headquarters are in another country; U.S. set up many branch plants in Canada during the 20s, the economy became built on foreign investments
50
Define stock market
(Stock exchange) A marketplace where stocks are bought and sold
51
Define stock piling
Accumulate a large stock of goods or materials; to store materials, goods, or assets for future use
52
What is Sarajevo?
Sarajevo is the capital city of Bosnia; where archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated
53
What is Montreal?
The largest city in Québec, a Canadian province. Easter riots (anti-conscription)
54
What was the Western Front in WW1?
The name the Germans gave to a series of trenches that ran 700 kilometres from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border, creating a border.
55
What is Belgium?
A country in Western Europe surrounded by the Netherlands, Germany and France. Allied with Britain
56
What was the Soviet Union?
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics abbreviated to USSR or shortened to the Soviet Union, was a Marxist (a theory and practice of socialism)–Leninist (the theory and practice of communism) state on the Eurasian continent
57
Define militia
A military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency
58
Define guerilla
A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces.
59
Who was Julian Byng?
Directed the attack on Vimy Ridge in April 1917 and was promoted to Command the British 3rd Army. Apponited as Governor General.
60
Who were the Bolsheviks?
A Party born out of Russia's Social Democrat Party, founded by Vladimir Lenin (Leninism) and Alexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a major organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism (the concentration of power and control in the central authority of an organization), who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia. Seized power in 1918 and changed name to Russian Communist Party. Feared by European/North American politicians, influenced many Canadians in Winnipeg General Strike.
61
Who was Karl Marx
Founder of Marxism and inspiration for Communism
62
Define Marxism
Belief that the struggle between social classes is a major force in history and that there should eventually be a society in which there are no classes; inspired communism.
63
Define Leninism
The modification of Marxism by Lenin stressing that imperialism is the highest form of capitalism
64
Define capitalism
Industry (transport and production) is owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government
65
Define communism
A Russian government system in which the government owns all transport products and there is no privately owned property. The spread of communism was feared by politicians in many countries.
66
What was the League of Nations?
An organization formed as a result of the Treaty of Versailles; an organization of countries established in 1919 at the end of the First World War. Main purpose of keeping peace through the arbitration of international disputes. It was replaced by the United Nations at the end of the Second World War.
67
Define profiteering
To make excessive/unfair profit illegally, through scams on the black market, etc. Prominent during 1920s.
68
Define speculation
Investment in stocks with the hope of gain and the risk of loss.
69
Define buying on margin
Buying a stock by paying a downpayment at time of purchase and paying the remainder of the cost with profits after the stock had been sold. Only effective with consistent stock market increase.
70
Define credit buying
Banks lend money to anyone who could prove they could pay it back at some point (boomed in the 1920s).
71
Describe the Schlieffen Plan
Plan: for Germany to attack France quickly, through Belgium, secure the capital of Paris, the turn their attention to the Eastern Front (Russia). They would split their army as it entered France, one half stopping in Paris, otehr sneaking behind the troops at border of Germany (still in France) so France would be battling on two fronts. This assumed that France's army was weak and would fall in 6 weeks, Russia was strong but would take 6 weeks to mobilize, Belgium would be neutral and would offer no resistance and England would remain neutral. Germany declared war on Belgium on August 4th, 1914. Created in 1897 by Van Schlieffen and took 9 years to finalize.
72
Describe the Schlieffen Plan's result
Belgium was neutral but offered resistance and Britain joined to defend its ally, tiring the soldiers and using up resources unexpectedly. The French first sent their troops to Alsace and Lorraine (German border), exactly where German border wanted them to be, thinking the attack on Belgium was a feint, but France did not fall. Russia mobilized in only ten days, invading Germany and weakening the attack on Paris. France did not mobilize, so Germany declared war on France.
73
Define conscription and explain its significance
Compulsory enlistment of eligible citizens for military service; the conscription crisis of 1917 was argumentative and divisive in Canada. Henri Bourassa, Sir Wilfred Laurier, French-Canadians, many farmers, unionized workers, non-British immigrants, and other Canadians, generally opposed the measure. English-speaking Canadians, British immigrants, the families of soldiers, and older Canadians, led by Prime Minister Borden, generally supported it.
74
Describe nationalism and its significance to the beginning of WW1
Feeling great pride for and superiority of one's own country. Pre-WW1, European countries all felt better than the others, eager to prove this power to the other countries. Within big empires, smaller nations such as Serbia wanted independence.
75
Describe imperialism and its significance to the beginning of WW1
Empire Building: gaining colonies and competing with other countries for dominance of colonies. Pre-WW1, England controlled over 25% of the world. Germany was eager to control more colonies, so they attacked French colonies and threatened Britain's. Imperialism causes suspicion among countries.
76
Describe militarism and its significance to the beginning of WW1
Countries competing with each other to have the most military power; arms race. Pre-WW1, Britain had the largest naval fleet and controlled waterways. It constructed the Dreadnought; most powerful ship at the time. Germany had a powerful land army and a leader (Wilhelm II) devoted to military expansion, so wanted to compete with Britain on the sea. This power struggle and arms race between nations makes countries eager to show their strength.
77
Describe alliances and its significance to the beginning of WW1
Countries promise to support each other in case of war; purpose of balancing power and preventing war based on the threat of facing larger armies. Ended up turning a war into a world war. When Russia supported Serbia, it lead to war with Austria. Germany rushed to support Austria, declaring war on Russia. Russia was supported by France, creating war between Germany and France and pulling Belgium into the war. Britain supported Belgium.
78
What nations made up the Triple Entente?
The "Allies" - Russia, France and Britain
79
What nations made up the Triple Alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
80
Explain the Assasination of the Archduke, its cause and significance.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne and his wife, Duchess Sofia, were assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. Gavrilo Princip was the 19 year-old assassin and a member of the Black Hand, but he was caught right after his attack. The Black Hand was a nationalist Serbian group that was fighting for independence from Austria-Hungary (also part of fight for control of waterways-a.k.a. power in the area). This sparked the chain of events that caused WW1.
81
Describe The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Lusitania, a successful merchant ship that had been carrying supplies from America to Britain and its allies, was sunk by a German U-boat in May, 1915. It had been warned by Germany that any ships in waters around Britain would be shot down, but it continued to travel, carrying that day several American passengers and a supply of munitions.
82
Explain how The Sinking of the Lusitania contributed to the end of WW1
The contribution thereafter by America's military would help defeat Germany. America was pulled into the conflict in Europe and warfare in international waters after Germany's ultimatum in 1917. Woodrow Wilson was also pressured by the anti-German opinions of the American public, caused by British Propaganda. Britain had used America's involvement in this event to spread rumours to the American public. Wilson decided a declaration of war was the best next step to take.
83
Explain the Russian Revolution and how it contributed to the end of WW1
Pre-WW1, Russia was poor, with a pre-industrialized economy, no good factories, bad railways, military mutiny. Workers were treated badly and lack of political representation caused civil unrest. Russia's ineffective performance in WW1 and this tension caused civilian demonstration that pressured Tsar (king) Nicholas and his family to abdicate the throne. Russia had no head of state and the country was unstable, so the Bolsheviks and Lenin took control. They signed a peace treaty with Germany, engaging in a civil war. This proved the negative effect of war to other nations
84
Describe the Halifax Explosion
Canada had been unafraid of and avoiding war on its own land in WW1. Halifax had been shipping munitions to the allies, a dangerous shipment to produce and transport. On December 6th, 1917, a French ship carrying tons of explosives leaving Halifax collided with a Norwegian relief supplies ship, exploding and destroying much of the town. Suddenly, war on our own land became a threat, although the collision was an accident.
85
Describe the conscription crisis of 1917
In 1914, enough Canadian men volunteered for service overseas, but, by 1917, the war’s length and the high number of casualties made Canada unable to maintain a volunteer army. Conscription was popular among English Canadians, who generally supported the war because they believed that Canada had to keep fighting until victory. French Canadians, in general, opposed conscription because they believed the war was unnecessary. The divisive issue led to an election on December 17, 1917, in which Conservatives and Liberals , who were dedicated to fighting the war and to conscription, received a clear majority. This alienated the French Canadians, who felt betrayed by this unjust decision.
86
Define armistice and explain its significance to WW1
An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce. After the Allies laucnhed the hundred day offensive and were clearly victorious, Germany signed an armistice agreement on November 11, 1918. This day is still sometimes called Armistice day.
87
What was the Spanish flu and how is it significant?
The influenza or flu pandemic of 1918 to 1919, the deadliest in modern history, infected one-third of the planet’s population at the time. The 1918 flu was first observed in Europe, the U.S. and parts of Asia before swiftly spreading around the world. In many victims, the influenza virus had invaded their lungs and caused pneumonia. The bitterness spread through Europe by this also directed anger towards Germany for the Treaty of Versailles
88
What was the Hundred Day offensive?
Final Period of WW1: August 8th to November 11th. Allies launched an offensive that pushed Germans out of France and resulted in a series of Allied victories.
89
What was "The Person's Case"?
In 1927, the Famous Five, a group of women from western Canada, challenged the government's definition of "persons". The BNA Act outlines the qualifications of "persons" to fulfill government positions without specifying a gender. It was generally assumed that "persons" excluded women, and the court agreed. When this was challenged at the Privy council in England, the Supreme Court of Canada was overruled and women were included in this definition.
90
What was prohibition?
The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol. In Canada, this only lasted from 1918 to the early 20s, although some provincial governments and certain areas maintained it for much longer. It lasted much longer in the United States, from 1920-1933. It was supported by many famous people and temperance workers, as well as the government.
91
How were women connected to prohibition?
The WCTU hugely supported prohibition, and many women were in favour of prohibition. This was because husbands would get very drunk, abuse their families and spend all their money on booze. Women also won the right to vote partially because the government was also in support of prohibition, and with the promise of support from women, that was the best option. This was also represented by Nellie McClung.
92
What was "A Women's Parliament"?
A play put on by where women would be the government and the men were fighting for suffrage. It was a satire to show mean how absurd it was for women to be without simple rights.
93
What were the consequences of prohibition? How did long lasting American prohibition affect Canada?
Alcohol business would go underground, creating bootleggers and organized crime. People in Canada would illegally sell alcohol in the U.S. to make huge profit. Americans wanted booze, Canadians had access to it.
94
How did America's entry in WW1 affect alcohol consumption?
People in America would no longer support German-American businesses, and propaganda associated the purchase of alcohol with treason.
95
What was the Winnipeg General Strike?
After WW1, veterans returned to have their jobs taken by people who had stayed at home and immigrants. There was a recession, a rapidly expanding population and workers wanted collective bargaining (group of workers negotiating with bosses for new conditions and wages). This caused a strike of unions on May 15, 1919. Police and firefighters had joined, so a militia force of soldiers controlled the crowds, later the RCMP helped when protests became riots. In result, people could be arrested based on threat, union leaders were arrested, working and business class were divided and the union movement was delayed
96
How did the Winnipeg General Strike become racist?
Immigrants who had taken the jobs of veterans were called The Alien Enemies/Enemy Aliens. Soldiers wanted the government to take them out of the picture, and it became legal to easily deport new immigrants (Amendment to Immigration Act). The government arrested 5 non anglo-saxon union leaders.
97
Describe Black Tuesday and its significance
On October 29, 1929 - Black Tuesday - the stock market crashed. From 1921-1929, the stock market had been booming. This crash affected investors, individuals, companies, but there had been signs of recession in 1929. It had most likely been caused because people were allowed to buy on margin and the banks lent money easily. The value of stock made investors careless. This day sparked a chain of events that led to the Great Depression. Had a worldwide effect (United States could no longer lend money to Germany to pay for reparation costs).
98
What was Bloody Saturday?
June 21, 1919 - On Bloody Saturday, two strikers were killed, thirty-four others were wounded, and the police made 94 arrests. Fearing more violence, workers decided to call off the strike. The strike was called off on June 25.
99
Describe the Boer war
Gold and diamonds were found in South America, and England wanted the land. Canada was obligated to fight, but French Canadians didn't want to fight and English Canadians did. Canada acted like a nation, sending 7000 volunteers and making its own decision. It was treated like a colony, with certain expectations from England
100
Describe Reciprocity
Canadian products were more expensive than American goods, so Canadians were buying from the States. This was good for eastern Canada (those purchasing), but western Canada was suffering (where goods were made). The government wanted to keep money in the country, so a tax/tariff was put on products from the USA.
101
Who was Richard Bennett?
Prime Minister of Canada from August 1930 to October 1935. He was a lawyer, businessman, millionaire, leader of the conservative party.
102
Describe Bennett's failed policies
1. He lowered British tariffs, forgetting who Canada;s biggest trade partner was, so the USA slapped huge tariffs on Canada and Canadian businesses suffered.
2. He refused to spend money on large public work projects and relief payments, preventing the creation of jobs. Families struggled.
3. He created relief/work camps where unemployed men could work in exchange for food and shelter. Again, no jobs created, then harsh protests were cracked down by Bennett.
103
Describe the on-to-ottawa trek
There were protests in Vancouver to influence government yo make work/wage programs, men were asking for money. Unemployed men begun to travel to ottawa by train from B.C. to complain to Bennett and demand change after being brushed off as communists. The trek was halted in Regina, where Bennett says the railway lines are to deny passage to the men.
104
Describe the Regina Riots
Dominion Day Riot - July 1st, 1935. The RCMP faced protestors, 1 person killed, 45 injured. This made the public turn to Mackenzie King in the 1935 election, who proposed "King or Chaos"
105
Describe Bennett's lasting policies
1. He created the Bank of Canada to control interest rates
2. He created the Canadian Wheat Board to control wheat prices
3. Created unemployment benefits (insurance)
106
What is the Ross Rifle?
Canadian-made infantry weapon in WW1; produced as an alternative to the British-made Lee-Enfield rifle. The Ross earned a bad reputation among Canadian soldiers as an unreliable weapon, and was withdrawn from service by 1916. It could not stand the dirt and mud of the trenches, and the robust requirements of fighting with bayonets. The Ross also had a tendency to jam when firing – partly because the British-made ammunition didn't work as well with it. Sir Sam Hughes was a strong supporter of the weapon, but its failure partially led to his firing.
107
What was poison/chlorine Gas?
The first large-scale use of lethal poison gas on the battlefield was by the Germans on 22 April 1915 during the Battle of Ypres; huge amounts of gas would be released into the air with sufficient wind, sending it towards the enemy. In WW1, it shocked the French troops, causing mutiny and death, but the Canadians held strong. It was less feared with the development of a gas mask of cloth soaked with urine
108
What were the Dreadnoughts?
British battleship constructed in 1905 that dominated the world’s navies for the next 35 years. Its creation caused envy from the German navy and gave Britain immense power and control of the waterways. Most powerful ship ever created at the time. Used in WW1.
109
What were tanks?
Vehicle marrying tractors with caterpillar tracks as a means of crossing trench obstacles and breaking through barbed wire. First used in the Somme in September 1916. British turned to armoured vehicles as one way to cross No Man’s Land and break through the enemy trench system. Tanks increased mobility on the Western Front and eventually broke the stalemate of trench warfare. Used mainly by the British and the French
110
What were machine guns?
A more dependable machine-gun had been developed by WW1 (First the Colt - less reliable, then the Vickers): machine-guns were devastating weapons, especially when used against enemy troops on open ground. At first, only the Germans used them. All armies used it soon thereafter, and the machine-gun drove soldiers from the battlefield and into trenches, and fortifications. This created a stalemate of trench warfare for most of the rest of the war.
111
What was barbed wire?
Barbed wire is a fencing material that is manufactured in long coiled strands and punctuated with sharp twisted points or edges. It was used WW1 as an agricultural fencing material, and it served throughout the war as a battlefield obstacle. It was widely used by all forces during the First World War.
112
What were u-boats?
In 1917, Germany announces the use of torpedo-armed submarines to attack any and all ships, including civilian passenger carriers, said to be sighted in war-zone waters; a submarine that carried 35 men and 12 torpedoes, and could travel underwater for two hours at a time.The U-boats took a terrible toll on Allied shipping, and one came to sink the Lusitania, bringing the United States into the war.
113
What was the National Policy?
central economic and political strategy of the Conservative Party under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald. It meant that from 1878 until the Second World War, Canada imposed high tariffs on foreign imported goods, to shield Canadian manufacturers from American competition.
114
What was the Chinese exclusion act?
The Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, often referred to as the Chinese Exclusion Act, closed off Chinese immigration to Canada. Immigration from most countries was controlled or restricted in some way, only the Chinese were so completely prohibited from immigrating. There was already a head tax on all immigrants from China. Established on July 1, 1923, the Act had banned Chinese immigrants from entering Canada except merchants, diplomats, and foreign students.
115
What was the Indian Act?
First introduced and passed in 1876; a policy of cultural genocide: designed to eradicate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society, expropriate land and resources for profit and settlement. In 1894, amended to authorize forced relocation of Native children to residential schools where Native culture was forbidden.
116
What are residential schools?
Government-sponsored religious schools established to assimilate Aboriginal children into Euro-Canadian culture. Native children were forced to attend, where they would be abused, raped and often lose touch with their culture and families.
117
What was the War Measures Act?
A Canadian statute adopted on August 4, 1914. It gave the federal government emergency powers to govern by decree under circumstances of “war, invasion or insurrection, real or apprehended”. Created by Robert Borden (Canadian PM in WW1). The government had special power during the war; censoring letters and media, allowing conscription.
118
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
Peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and Associated Powers and by Germany on June 28, 1919. The German government asked U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson to arrange a general armistice in October 1918, it declared that it accepted the Fourteen Points he had formulated. However, the Allies demanded “compensation by Germany for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allies and their property by the aggression of Germany by land, by sea and from the air.” Nine points covering new territorial consignments were complicated by the secret treaties that England, France, and Italy had made with Greece, Romania, and each other during the last years of the war. Drafted during the Paris Peace Conference in the spring of 1919, which was dominated by the national leaders known as the “Big Four" (later became "Big Three" when Italy was excluded)
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What was the Peace Conference
The meeting settling an international settlement after World War I. Where the Treaty of Versailles was drafted.
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What was article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles?
The War Guilt Clause - statement that Germany was to blame for the war. Added in order to get the French and Belgians to agree to reduce the sum of money that Germany would have to pay to compensate for war damage. The article was seen as a concession to the Germans by the negotiators. It was bitterly resented, however, by virtually all Germans who did not believe they were responsible for the outbreak of the war.
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What is assimilation and what is its significance?
The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group; Indigenous people were forced to assimilate into Western Culture and betray their own values and beliefs. This was done mainly through residential schools.
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How did the economy boom in the 1920s?
Unemployment was low, earnings were high for individuals and companies, a consumer society was being born. Before the boom, industries had been producing war materials, so these factories were able to convert to lowcost peacetime production. By 1923, the economic slump was over.
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How did industry grow in the 20s?
The pulp and paper was rapidly expanding; Canada exported more than the rest of the world combined. The automobile industry became fourth largest in the world, production of household products increased.
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How did the government protect Canadian manufacturing and industrial base?
The federal government introduced tariffs; tax on foreign goods being imported.
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How did the economic society change?
Wages were rising and people could buy on credit, creating a debt society.
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How did Canada become a consumer society?
In the 1920s, many "necessary" household products were introduced, along with mass media and mass advertising. There was more 'disposable income'. People started to buy cars, as they were becoming less expensive. Household cleaning machines became very popular. Radios became the way for families to bond/spend time together.
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What effect did advertising have in the 1920s?
Advertisers made luxury items seem like necessities, driving consumers towards places to shop like EATONS in Toronto.
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How did advances in fashion and technology contribute to the changing role of women?
Free-flowing, more revealing and practical dresses were less gender specific. Radios allowed women to be more informed without education and cars allowed women to transport themselves; less control.
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What is a flapper?
A fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and behaving "promiscuously"; a more modern woman, making decisions for herself and living independently.
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What is the cultural importance of a flapper?
They changed the image of the "ideal woman", defying the morals of society and taking away the restrictions assumed by society for women and created by men. They created the "modern woman", influencing today. They started new trends in fashion and broke away from Victorianism. They created dating, and developed a shocking, daring and new image of non-conformity.
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What is the cultural importance of the suffragist?
They contradicted society's views and brought a new perspective to politics. They won the right to vote for women and allowed women to be considered "persons". They brought the idea of gender equality to politics; expression that all humans should have equal rights.
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What are similarities between Flappers and suffragists?
They are all independent, rebellious women that caused change. They rejected an imposed societal image and had social stigma.
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What are differences between flappers and suffragists?
Flappers fought against ideals of physical appearance. Suffragists fought against the political/social construct of women and instilled political change.
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What are three opinions in favour of conscription?
1. To be considered a nation, we must be willing to sacrifice
2. Free countries require obligation from citizens
3. This fight supports Canada's future
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What are three opinions in opposition of conscription?
1. Europe is responsible for Imperialist tendencies and started the war, NOT Canada, it brought it upon itself
2. War in Europe is a foreign affair, not Canadian
3. Fighting to preserve European civilization will in turn destroy Canadian civilization
(4. Forced entry defies democracy)
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Describe the Battle of Ypres
In Ypres, Belgium, from April to May, 1915: Canadians were there helping allies when chlorine gas was released for the first time on French troops. The French fled or died, but Canadians stood strong and held Germany back from the 6 km gap. They made gas masks with urine, and when they were gassed, they lost St. Julien but kept Ypres.
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Describe the Somme
In Somme, France, from July to November, 1916: the Douglas Haig created a plan to throw bombs to the enemy trenches, kill everyone and go over-the-top to kill any stragglers. This plained failed miserably and many men died.Newfoundland regiment entered the battle in September after the British advanced from the trenches and were killed. They fought through German defensive lines and captured the Regina Trench on November 11.
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Describe the Battle of Vimy Ridge
In the Douai Plains, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, France, from April 9-12, 1917: This was the most important Canadian battle, as they had a huge effect under their own command. This was strategically beneficial for the Germans and had been fortified for three years, but Canadians fought through the open machine gun fire, achieving one of the greatest victories in war at the time. Canada started to be considered an independent nation.
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Describe the Battle of Passchendaele
In Passchendaele, near Ypres, Belgium, from October to November, 1917: Canada had to lead the attack on submarine bases on the Belgian Coast (a firm German position) after the British suffered. It was very muddy, but through German bombing, attacks eventually secured German strong-points and Canadians showed we could get the job done.
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Who was Irene Parlby?
The first female cabinet minister of Canada, she was Canada's delegate in the League of Nations in 1930. She was the first president of the United Farm Women of Alberta and became an advocate for libraries, traveling medical clinics and distance education.
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Why were American branch plants taken out of Canada?
The American economy tanked and companies in the United States had to cut expenses.
