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PSYC 213 > Midterm 1 Review > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Review Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

Basic research:

A

The goal is to understand the world and its phenomena

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2
Q

Applied research:

A

The goal is to develop a solution to a problem

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3
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Studies behaviour to understand the mind

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4
Q

Neuroscience

A

Studies the physical brain and connects it to the mind

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5
Q

Computational modeling

A

Builds models of the mind-brain
relationship

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6
Q

Plato Rationalism

A

Knowledge is the result of prior reasoning and observation

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7
Q

Aristotle Empricism

A

All knowledge comes from experience/observation

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8
Q

Wilhem Wundt Structuralism

A

Understands the structure of the mind by identifying the basic building blocks to explain how they give rise to more complex cognitive processes

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9
Q

William James Functionalism

A

Understands the function(s) of the mind. Assumes that the mind is constantly changing and adapting to changing contexts and goals.

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psychology can be objectively studied through observations

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11
Q

Cognitive revolution

A

The importance of internal mental states is now recognized, but also
acknowledges that rigorous scientific methods must be used to study
them

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12
Q

Information processing view:

A

The mind and brain as an information processor

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13
Q

Dualism

A

views the mind and brain as separate entities

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14
Q

Monism

A

views the mind and brain as the same entity

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15
Q

Dualism - Interactionalism

A

The mind and brain are separate substances that interact and influence each other

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16
Q

Dualism - Epiphenomenalism

A

The mind is a by-product of the brain

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17
Q

Monism - Physicalism/Materialism:

A

All reality is the result of physical
processes

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18
Q

Monism - Idealism:

A

All reality is a mental construct

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19
Q

Monism - Neutral monism:

A

Reality is neither physical nor mental; Mind and brain are composed of the same neutral substance

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20
Q

Behavioural measurements in humans

A

Behavioural experiments to measures voluntary response to a
stimulus

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21
Q

Behavioural neuroscience using animal models

A

Causal link between brain and behaviour

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22
Q

Cognitive neuroscience - Neuropsychological cases

A

Studying differences in cognition and behaviour by comparing brain-injured patients vs. healthy participants

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23
Q

Neuroimaging techniques

A

EEG, MRI, Brain stimulation

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24
Q

EEG

A

Records electrical activity of the brain via electrodes affixed to the
scalp

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25
MRI
Non-invasive imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in your body
26
Structural MRI
Images of anatomical brain structures
27
Functional MRI
Images of metabolic activity in the brain by measuring blood flow, which we assume to reflect neural activity
28
Brain stimulation
Non-invasive method of altering brain activity to inhibit or increase behaviour or cognitive process
29
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS):
Focal magnetic field that induces temporary change in brain activity
30
Sensation
Conversion of the physical properties of our environment or body into neural code (by the peripheral nervous system).
31
Perception
Processing and interpretation of the sensory information into a form that is useful for behavioural decisions/actions.
32
Interoceptive Sensations
Proprioception, Nociception, Equilibrioception
33
Proprioception.
Sense of where our limbs are in space.
34
Nociception.
Sense of pain due to body damage.
35
Equilibrioception.
Sense of balance.
36
Exteroceptive sensations
Vision, Audition, Touch, Taste, Smell
37
Vision/Sight.
Light entering the eye
38
Audition/Hearing.
Vibrations in the air entering ear canal
39
Touch.
Pressure, heat, vibrations on skin
40
Gustation/Taste.
Chemical compounds in mouth
41
Olfaction/Smell.
Chemical compounds in nose
42
Eye
where the transduction of light into neural code occurs
43
Retina
Made up of multiple layers of receptors. Final layer consists of light-sensitive receptors called photoreceptors.
44
photoreceptors
convert light energy into neural code
45
Rods.
Low resolution (low light levels)
46
Cones.
High resolution (detailed coloured vision)
47
Optic Nerve
Axons of ganglion cells leave the eye. Creates a blind spot on the retina.
48
Blindspot
Area with no photoreceptors where the optic nerve is leaving the eye through the retina.
49
Fovea
Part of the retina with a higher concentration of cone receptors (centre of your visual field, most detailed vision).
50
Ventral Pathway (What):
Shape, size, details of objects
51
Dorsal Pathway (Where):
Location, space, movement information
52
Area V1 responds to
specific visual attributes such as Edges, Angles, Colour, Light
53
Blindsights
Cortical blindness (no explicit perception of objects) but unconscious (implicit) perception.
54
Dorsal Pathway: Akinetopsia.
Visual motion blindness; difficulty in perceiving motion.
55
Dorsal Pathway: Optic Ataxia.
Difficulty in reaching for objects (but can name them).
56
Ventral Pathway: Semantic (Visual) Agnosia.
Difficulty in recognizing daily objects (Damage to LOC).
57
Ventral Pathway: Prosopagnosia.
Difficulty in recognizing individual faces (Damage to FFA)
58
Ear
where the transduction of sound waves into neural code occurs
59
Basilar Membrane
Strip of tissue inside the cochlea that contains the hair cells that transduce sound.
60
Tonotopic Membrane
Special arrangement of neural structures (hair cells) in which locations are organized based on the frequency of sound they encode
61
Olfactory bulb.
Specialized brain structure that filters and relays olfactory signals to other subcortical brain structures (amygdala, hippocampus).
62
The chemical receptors are located on the
olfactory epithelium.
63
Signals are sent to the brainstem and then
the primary gustatory cortex.
64
5 types of taste receptors:
Sweet, sour, salty, savoury, bitter.
65
Cortical Homunculus
Spatially organized map of the human body, contained within the somatosensory cortex, that processes touch information. Different body parts have larger or smaller representations based on the density of tactile sensory receptors contained within them.
66
Bottom Up processing
Influence of information from external environment on perception (unidirectional).
67
Top Up processing
Influence of knowledge (expectations, context, goals) on perception (bidirectional).
68
Constructivist model of Perception
According to this theory, perceptual processing is your brain’s attempt to construct a mental model of the external world based on sensory input (using top-down processing).
69
Visual Grouping
Gestalt Principles
70
Direct Perception
According to this theory, perceptual processing is based on the relationship between sensory stimuli and a person’s actions
71
Feature matching theory.
Visual input is broken down into individual parts and each feature is processed separately.
72
Template matching theory.
Matching an incoming stimulus to a stored representation in memory.
73
Prototype theory.
Matching an incoming stimulus to an average representation stored in memory.
74
Endogenous/Top-down attention
Voluntary attention ● Uses the Frontal Eye Fields (FEF), Intraparietal sulcus (IPs, IPL)
75
Exogenous/Bottom-up attention
Guided purely on external stimuli ■ Loud bang, bright light, siren ● Uses the temporoparietal junction & VPS
76
Arousal
Measure of how alert you are
77
Spatial Neglect
Damage to the right hemisphere ● Cannot attend to information on the contralateral side (left side) ● NOT a deficit of visual processing, and can occur in different modalities
78
Top-Down Attention: Sustained attention
○ Focus on something for an extended period of time
79
Top-Down Attention:Divided attention
○ Multitasking
80
Top-Down Attention: Selective attention
○ Ignore irrelevant information
81
Dichotic Listening Task
A way to measure selective attention ● Evidence FOR early selection model
82
Selective Attention
limited capacity to process information, prioritize
83
Late Selection Model
Interference at the level of meaning ○ Example: stroop task
84
Load Theory
Attentional filtering can occur at different levels of processing
85
Low load task:
Unattended information is filtered out based on meaning because of leftover resources (Late filter)
86
High load task:
Unattended information is filtered out based on perception because task uses up more resources (Early filter)
87
change blindness
The failure to detect changes in stimuli, flicker technique paradigm
88
in-attentional blindness
Not noticing something new in your attentional focus
89
Activating attention
Attention serves to prepare us to process information located in a ‘spotlight’ of space and ignore what is outside of that space
90
Feature Integration
Attention is necessary to integrate features of objects into a unified whole
91
Embodied Attention
Eye movements detect visual attentional goals
92
Overt visual attention
attending to something with your eye movements
93
Covert visual attention
attending to something without eye movements
94
Attentional Capture
Attentional capture happens to information that is important for survival. Adaptive for this information to be automatically processed
95
What kind of stimuli captures one's attention
Fearful stimuli Personally relevant stimuli Addicting stimuli
96
Mental Imagery
Our ability to mentally recreate perceptual experience in the absence of sensory stimuli
97
Dual Coding Theory
Human knowledge is represented in two separate systems:
98
Non-verbal: Modality-specific
Based on the sensory information, Images resemble what they stand for
99
Verbal: Symbolic system
Information does not resemble what it stands for.
100
Descriptive Processing (Pylyshyn)
Argues that knowledge is represented propositionally
101
Depictive Processing (Kosslyn)
Preserve perceptual and spatial information
102
Mental Scanning
Takes longer to visualize mentally travelling to landmarks further apart from one another
103
Mental Rotation
Takes longer to mentally rotate images that have further rotations than not
104
Mental Scaling
Realistic scaling when imagining things
105
Damage to a specific area can lead to
deficits in 1+ cognitive processes
106
fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA)
are similar in both perception and visual imagery tasks
107
Concrete words (easily visualized words) are able to be remembered
better than abstract words (less visualizable words)

PSYC 213 (7 decks)

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