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midterm Flashcards

1
Q

6 Steps of the scientific method

A

observe, hypothesis, test, data, conclusion, sharing

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2
Q

what is a controlled experiment

A

only 1 variable is changed

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3
Q

constants

A

must remain constant through trials

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4
Q

independent variable

A

what is changing

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5
Q

dependent variable

A

outcome of the change/ what is being effected

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6
Q

diff between hypothesis/theory/law

A

hyp- educated guess based on observation
theory- explains a set of observations
law- can’t be changed

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7
Q

describe an element

A

composed of only one type of atom, all matter is composed of them

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8
Q

describe an atom

A

smallest unit of life, 3 parts = protons, neutrons, electrons

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9
Q

what 4 elements make up 95 % of the body

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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10
Q

describe the atomic structure

A

nucleus has protons and neutrons, electrons are outside the nucleus, atoms have equal amounts of proton and electrons

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11
Q

what kind of charge does an atom have

A

no charge

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12
Q

what is an atomic number

A

number of protons in an atoms nucleus

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13
Q

what does the number of protons equal

A

number of electrons

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

what are the properties of oxygen

A

8 protos
8neutrons
8 electrons

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16
Q

what is an ion and how do they form ionic bonds

A

an ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons. ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions

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17
Q

what are isotopes

A

atoms that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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18
Q

how do electrons contribute to atoms

A

atoms get their properties from there electrons, elctrons are involved in bonding

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19
Q

what is a chemical bond

A

when electrons from two atoms interact with eachother and become conjoined

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20
Q

what is a molecule

A

when two atoms bond ex: o2

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21
Q

compound

A

when different elements combine ex: h2o and co2

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22
Q

what differs in a compound then the elements its made of

A

its properties

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23
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

strongest atoms that share electrons instead of exchanging

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24
Q

what is the diff between nonpolar covalent and polar

A

nonpolar-atoms share electron equally

polar- the atoms dont share equally

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25
what are the 7 properties of water
polar, forms hydrogen bonds,cohesion, adhesion, high speific heat, universal solvent, water expands when frozen
26
which property of water does capillary action take place in
adhesion
27
what elements make up carbs abd what there monomer
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen | monosaccharides(simple sugars)
28
what is the function of monosaccharides
broken down atp
29
what are the parts to lipids
glycerol (head) fatty acid (tail/hydrophobic)
30
what are the function of lipids
compose cell memb/ insulation and padding
31
what monomer makes up proteins
amino acids
32
what is the function of proteins
hormones, immune system, hair skin and nails ENZYMES
33
what are enzymes
catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
34
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotides
35
what are the 3 parts to a nucleotide
1.sugar 2.phosphate 3.nitrogen base
36
what is the function of nucleic acids
dna & rna
37
where is dna found in eukaryotes and what is an example of one
dna floats in cytoplasm, bacteria
38
what is passive transport
no energy, molecules follow the concentration gradient
39
what r the 3 types of passive transport
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
40
what is diffusion/ facilitated
move through memebrane (facilitated= use protein channels)
41
what is osmosis
water moves down concen. gradient
42
what is an isotonic solution
= amounts of solute, water flows equally
43
what is hypotonic solution
water moves in the cell (cell has more solutes) cell expands
44
what is a hypertonic solution
water moves out (more solutes in solution) cell shrinks
45
what are the reactants and products of photosynthesis
6co2+ 6h20+ sun= c6h1206+6o2
46
what are the reactants and products of cellular respiration
c6h12o6 + 6o2=6co2 + 6h2o + ATP
47
what is the equation for glucose
c6h12o6
48
where does cell respir. take place/ what is being done
mitochondria/ oxygen is being used to break glucose into ATP
49
what happens if theres no oxygen for an organism
fermentation
50
what are the 2 types of fermentation
lactid(sore muscles) alcoholic(yeast)
51
how do prokaryotes reproduce
asexual, offspring is identically the same
52
what is it called when eukaryotes produce asexually
mitosis
53
what is it called when a eukaryote produces sexually
meiosis
54
what is the cell cycle used for
asexual mitosis
55
what happens in interphase
G1, S, G2
56
what happens in mitosis
P Middle Away T
57
how do animal cells carry out cytokinesis
cell membrane pinches
58
how do plant cells carry out cytokinesis
cell plate
59
what 2 things would make a cell genetically differenet and where do they occur
crossing over (prophase) indepoendent asortment (M1/A1)
60
what is cancer
unregulated cell growth
61
what kind of cells does mitosis start and end with
somatic (body) starts: 1 diploid 2n ends: 2 diploid 2n 46-----46 & 46
62
what kind of cells does meiosis start and end with
gamete (sex) start: 1 diploid 2n end: 4 haploid n
63
what happens in m1 and m2 of meiosis
homo chromo seperate (crossing over | sister chromatids seperate
64
in a diagram of a nucleotide, what does the nitrogen base tell us
whether its dna or rna
65
what is the make up of dna
sugar+phosphate= backbone | nitrogen base= middle
66
how is dna made up
semi-conservative
67
describe rna
single stranded, sugar =ribose, mrna= codons for AA
68
how would a mutation not leave an effect
if it codes for the same AA or protein
69
what is the order of transcription and translation
transcription first (mrna is made from dna in the nucleus) next translation (mrna is read as codons and trna brings AA ribosomes in the cytoplasm)
70
what 2 microscopes work for living and non living
compound light & dissection
71
what 2 microscopes view only nonliving
scanning electron & transmission electron
72
what 2 microscopes view 2-d images
compond light & transmission electron
73
what 2 microscopes view 3-d images
dissection & scanning electron

biology (13 decks)

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